source corpus

Documents

The text the scoring pipeline reads. Each document is tied to a party (or politician) with a published date, a source URL, and either Arabic, Hebrew, or English content. Open any one to read the verbatim source and see how it was scored.

Country All IL 88 LB 47 EG 44 PS 40 IQ 28 MA 20 SY 20 YE 19 TN 17 JO 15 SA 15 SD 15 DZ 12 LY 11 AE 9 BH 9 QA 7 MR 6 OM 2 KW 2

Type All Speech 159 Interview 55 Manifesto 53 Party platform 52 Article 49 Press release 22 charter 11 op-ed 10 Bill 8 Social post 7

Tier All Tier 1 43 Tier 2 169 Tier 3 7

Party All Hamas 8 Hezbollah 7 Likud 5 Ba'ath Party (Syria) 4 Fatah 4 Islamic Action Front 3 Ansar Allah (Houthis) 3 Hayat Tahrir al-Sham 3 Justice and Development Party 3 New Wafd Party 3 Amal Movement 3 El Insaf (Equity Party) 2 Lebanese Forces 2 State of Law Coalition 2 Mostaqbal Watan 2 Religious Zionism Party 2 Shas 2 Meretz 2 Kataeb Party 2 National Rally of Independents 2 Noam 2 Istiqlal Party 2 Ennahda 2 Freedom and Justice Party 2 Jordanian Communist Party 2 Free Patriotic Movement 2 Progressive Socialist Party 2 Yemeni Congregation for Reform (Islah) 2 PFLP 2 National Liberation Front 2 The Democrats 1 Yashar! 1 Yisrael Beiteinu 1 Patriotic Union of Kurdistan 1 Palestinian People's Party 1 United Torah Judaism 1 Israeli Labor Party 1 Yesh Atid 1 National Unity 1 Palestinian Islamic Jihad 1 New Hope 1 Otzma Yehudit 1 Long Live Tunisia 1 Movement of Society for Peace 1 Sudanese Communist Party 1 Sairoon Alliance 1 Ra'am (United Arab List) 1 Al-Menbar Islamic Society 1 Southern Transitional Council 1 National Wisdom Movement 1 Free Destourian Party 1 Authenticity and Modernity Party 1 Socialist Union of Popular Forces 1 Al-Wefaq National Islamic Society 1 Union of Forces of Progress 1 Justice and Construction Party 1 Syrian National Coalition 1 National Forces Alliance 1 Free Egyptians Party 1 Nour Party 1 People's Movement 1 Egyptian Social Democratic Party 1 Kurdistan Democratic Party 1 National Umma Party 1 Hadash-Ta'al 1 Islamic Asalah Society 1 National Congress Party 1 National Rally for Reform and Development (Tewassoul) 1 Balad 1 Kadima 1 Democratic Unionist Party 1 Yemeni Socialist Party 1 Muslim Brotherhood (Syria) 1 Constitutional Democratic Rally (RCD) 1 Shinui 1 National Democratic Party 1 Mubadara 1 Northern Islamic Movement 1 Tagammu Party 1 Democratic National Rally 1 Ta'al 1 Tunisian Workers Party 1 National Charter Party 1 Kach 1 Workers' Party 1 Islamic Salvation Front 1 General People's Congress 1 DFLP 1 Socialist Forces Front 1 Arab Socialist Union 1 Mapai 1 Ba'ath Party (Iraq) 1 Herut 1 Hadash 1

• Speech Arabic EG 2026-06-17 Tier 2

  Dr Mostafa Madbouly (Prime Minister of Egypt) — speech launching the 2nd edition of the State Ownership Policy Document ("Deepening Reform 2026–2030"), 17 Jun 2026 (Al-Watan): private-sector-led growth as the government's target — its share of investment, already past 56.5%, to exceed 65% before 2030, with the state stepping back.

  إن الرقم الذي عرضه علينا اليوم رئيس مركز المعلومات يؤكد أن القطاع الخاص بدأ يستعيد حضوره بقوة خلال السنوات الثلاث الماضية، حيث تجاوزت مساهمته 56.5% من إجمالي الاستثمارات، كما تشير التوقعات إلى إمكانية تجاوز المستهدف الذي وضعناه، والبالغ 65%، خلال العامين المقبلين على أقصى تقدير

• English IL 2026-06-09 Tier 2

  Simcha Rothman (Religious Zionism MK; Constitution Committee chair; architect of the 2023 judicial overhaul) — his Tablet op-ed "Why I Refuse to Stop Fighting for Judicial Reform": the majoritarian case — "A law endorsed by 90 elected representatives canceled by a court citing a document approved by 32… is not democracy."

  Laws passed by overwhelming Knesset majorities—80 members, 90 members, representing the clear will of the Israeli public—were struck down by unelected judges based on their own broad interpretation of basic laws that were themselves passed by as few as 32 Knesset members. A law endorsed by 90 elected representatives…

• Interview Arabic LB 2026-05-31 Tier 2

  Nabih Berri (Speaker of Parliament; leader of the Amal Movement) — statement to NBN guaranteeing "the resistance's" full, comprehensive and immediate commitment to a ceasefire if a clear formula is reached, while asking who will compel Israel to halt its aggression (reported by Lebanon Debate, 31 May 2026).

  أكد رئيس مجلس النواب نبيه بري أنه يضمن "التزاماً كاملاً وشاملاً وفورياً" بوقف إطلاق النار من قبل المقاومة، في حال التوصل إلى صيغة واضحة لوقف العمليات. وقال بري، في حديث للـ"NBN": "أضمن التزاماً كاملاً وشاملاً وفورياً لوقف إطلاق النار من قبل المقاومة، لكن السؤال: من يُلزم إسرائيل بوقف عدوانها براً وبحراً وجواً وهدمها…

• Interview English AE 2026-05-20 Tier 2

  Anwar Gargash (diplomatic adviser to the UAE president; architect of the Abraham Accords) — Atlantic Council conversation at the Europe Gulf Forum, 16 May 2026: after Iran's strikes on the Gulf he says the Gulf's "outreach to Iran" has "failed" and "trust... is broken," and pointedly decouples Gulf security from Israel — "we did not see 7,000 Israeli projectiles... We saw 7,000 Iranian projectiles here" — framing Iran (not Israel) as the threat and seeing "opportunities also for Israel."

  All that, in my opinion, has failed. We have a new reality today, and as we move forward, I think I distinguish very clearly between the concept of trust and the concept of relations. Relations with Iran, I’m sure at some stage, some of it will return at various degrees, et cetera, but trust I think is broken and it…

• Press release Hebrew IL 2026-04-26 Tier 2

  Yitzhak Goldknopf (chairman, United Torah Judaism) — public statement reacting to the High Court of Justice ruling conditioning Haredi state benefits on military-service status, 26 Apr 2026 (carried by Kipa).

  החלטה שדגל שחור מתנוסס מעליה. זו חציית קו אדום חמורה ופגיעה ישירה בלב הזהות היהודית של מדינת ישראל

• Press release Hebrew IL 2026-04-26 Tier 2

  Aryeh Deri (chairman, Shas) — public statement reacting to the High Court of Justice ruling conditioning Haredi state benefits on military-service status, 26 Apr 2026 (carried by Kipa).

  החלטת בג"ץ האחרונה, מהווה פגיעה אנושה וחמורה ביותר ביסודות הקיום של עם ישראל בארץ ישראל

• Press release Hebrew IL 2026-04-26 Tier 2

  Moshe Gafni (chairman, Degel HaTorah / United Torah Judaism) — public statement reacting to the High Court of Justice ruling (per Justice Sohlberg) that conditioned a series of Haredi state benefits on regularizing military-service status, 26 Apr 2026 (carried by Kipa).

  מדינת ישראל הולכת ומאבדת את זהותה כמדינה יהודית ודמוקרטית. בג"ץ פועל בעקביות ובשיטתיות כדי לפגוע בלומדי התורה ולצמצם את מקומם במדינה

• Speech English PS 2026-04-20 Tier 2

  Mohammad Mustafa (Prime Minister, Palestinian Authority) — remarks in Brussels with the EU's Kaja Kallas, ~20 Apr 2026 (The National): the PA's "one state, one government, one law and one gun" — a single national authority with a monopoly on arms, the gradual collection of weapons from all armed groups, full Israeli withdrawal from Gaza, and sovereignty as the basis for durable security.

  A key pillar of forced stabilisation in Gaza is a unified and comprehensive security framework," Mr Mustafa said. "This should be done through the implementation of the policy of one state, one government, one law and one gun, the gradual and responsible collection of arms from all armed groups, and also the full…

• Speech English MA 2026-04-18 Tier 2

  Aziz Akhannouch (Head of Government / PM of Morocco; RNI leader) — statement (Morocco World News, 18 Apr 2026) on the "social state" agenda: "The executive has never approached social dialogue as a circumstantial commitment, but as a clear political choice." The Moroccan social-state / development-model pole. [Second doc — distinct domestic social-policy axis, vs his Western-Sahara UNGA doc.]

  The executive has never approached social dialogue as a circumstantial commitment, but as a clear political choice.

• Speech Arabic EG 2026-04-02 Tier 2

  Sayed El-Badawi (leader of the Wafd, Egypt's oldest liberal party) — symposium speech (per Al-Bawaba News, 2 Apr 2026): the "loyal opposition" stance — "the Wafd is a liberal party that believes in economic freedom, and when we find the state moving… on a path that achieves the public good, then we support that"; and that development needs an independent judiciary and a free press.

  الوفد حزب ليبرالي يؤمن بالحرية الاقتصادية، وعندما نجد الدولة تسير من وجهة نظرنا في خط يحقق الصالح العام وقتها نكون مؤيدين لهذا الحق التنمية والإصلاح السياسي وجهان لعملة واحدة؛ فلكي تحدث التنمية لا بد من أن يكون لديك مؤسسات ماليه قويه وقضاء مستقل وإعلام حر

• Press release English IL 2026-03-11 Tier 2

  Yuli Edelstein (Likud MK; ex-chair of the Knesset Foreign Affairs & Defense Committee; ex-Soviet "Prisoner of Zion") — statement (Times of Israel, 11 Mar 2026) after the Haredi draft-exemption bill was shelved: vowing to "widen the IDF's recruitment base until we pass a real, historic enlistment law… and lighten the burden on people who show up to serve." The draft-equality / equal-burden pole on the security-right.

  Together, we'll keep striving to widen the IDF's recruitment base until we pass a real, historic enlistment law that will truly answer to the needs of the military, and lighten the burden on people who show up to serve time after time.

• Interview English IQ 2026-02-05 Tier 2

  Masrour Barzani (Prime Minister of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq) — interview with The National, 5 Feb 2026: the KRG mediated between Damascus, the SDF and the US/France over Syria's Kurds, urging the new Syrian government to "lead and not be led" and enshrine Kurdish rights in the constitution; presses intra-Kurdish unity ("Elections should matter") and resolving Erbil–Baghdad oil/budget disputes constitutionally.

  — We were in direct contact with both Damascus and also Qamishli and also with the United States, with France, with many countries that were playing a part in mediating and trying to calm the situation — lead and not be led — Elections should matter

• Interview English LB 2026-02-04 Tier 2

  Nawaf Salam (Prime Minister of Lebanon from Feb 2025; former ICJ president) — Euronews interview, 4 Feb 2026: the state's monopoly on arms and restoring state authority — "the army is our main tool to enforce our goal to have the monopoly over arms and to restore state authority over all the Lebanese territory" — plus condemning Israel's occupation of the south. The reformist / state-sovereignty pole.

  We will need their help, because the army is our main tool to enforce our goal to have the monopoly over arms and to restore state authority over all the Lebanese territory. Unfortunately, we must address the issue of Israel's occupation of parts of the south, the daily violations of its sovereignty, and the…

• Interview English LB 2026-02-02 Tier 2

  Samir Geagea (leader, Lebanese Forces) — declared positions on decentralization and democracy, from a 2026 "Pen Cast" podcast interview (reported by SyriacPress): Lebanon's core problem is a plural society governed by an overly centralized state, so he advocates "decentralization in its broadest sense"; he defines democracy as "the right of every group to choose its own representatives."

  Geagea argued that the root of the problem lies in the structure of a pluralistic society governed by an excessively centralized state. The solution, he said, is decentralization in its broadest sense, not merely administrative decentralization. Geagea maintained that such an approach would provide “breathing space”…

• Social post English IQ 2026-01-28 Tier 2

  Nouri al-Maliki (twice PM of Iraq; State of Law / Dawa; Coordination Framework's PM candidate) — post on X, 28 Jan 2026, after Trump threatened to cut US support over his comeback: "We categorically reject the blatant American interference in Iraq's internal affairs… a violation of sovereignty." The Iraqi sovereigntist / anti-US-interference pole. [Second doc — distinct sovereignty axis; an evolution from his 2006 US-Congress address.]

  We categorically reject the blatant American interference in Iraq's internal affairs. We consider it (US interference) a violation of sovereignty, contrary to the democratic system in Iraq after 2003, and an infringement on the decision of the Coordinating Framework for selecting its candidate.

• Speech Arabic PS 2025-12-14 Tier 2

  Khalil al-Hayya (head of Hamas in Gaza; chief negotiator) — speech on Hamas's founding anniversary, 14 Dec 2025 (PNN, Arabic original): rejecting disarmament — the resistance and its weapons are "a legitimate right guaranteed by international law for all peoples under occupation, linked to the establishment of the Palestinian state"; Hamas rejects "all manifestations of guardianship and mandate over the Palestinians."

  — حق مشروع كفلته القوانين الدولية لكل الشعوب تحت الاحتلال ومرتبط بإقامة الدولة الفلسطينية — لدراسة أية مقترحات تحافظ على هذا الحق مع ضمان إقامة الدولة الفلسطينية المستقلة وتقرير المصير لشعبنا الفلسطيني — الرافض لكل مظاهر الوصاية والانتداب على الفلسطينيين

• Speech English IQ 2025-11-11 Tier 2

  Nechirvan Barzani (President, Kurdistan Region of Iraq; KDP) — press conference on Iraq's parliamentary-election day, 11 Nov 2025 (Rudaw): Iraq must make a "serious effort" to implement the constitution (the KDP's central demand on Kurdistan's autonomy), and he hopes the vote ushers in "a democratic federal Iraq where all components get their rights."

  That constitution has not been implemented. Indeed, the most important thing to be done after these elections is to make a serious effort to implement the Iraqi Constitution, We hope that these elections are a new start for Iraq - a democratic federal Iraq where all components get their rights and achievements,

• Interview English QA 2025-10-29 Tier 2

  Sheikh Mohammed bin Abdulrahman Al Thani (Qatar's PM & Foreign Minister) — Council on Foreign Relations conversation, 29 Oct 2025: Qatar's mediation doctrine — "number one is trust… that we have built through friendships around the world" and proposing "solutions that's adoptable by both parties." The Qatari mediation / dialogue-diplomacy pole. [Second doc — distinct mediation-doctrine axis.]

  I think number one is trust, and the trust that we have built through friendships around the world has, of course, boosted Qatar in that role. We are trying to be very clear with them, and proposing for them solutions that's adoptable by both parties. And that's how we work.

• Speech Arabic AE 2025-09-27 Tier 2

  UAE statement to the 80th UN General Assembly, delivered by Minister of State Lana Zaki Nusseibeh, 27 Sep 2025 (English; UAE institutional position under MBZ)

  Madam President, Today, the world is marked by turmoil, conflict, and humanitarian crises. Threats to state sovereignty, proliferation risks and extremist ideologies persist, undermining the foundations of stability and development. Amidst these challenges, my country has chosen the path of prudence and…

• Speech Arabic OM 2025-09-27 Tier 2

  Sultanate of Oman statement to the 80th UN General Assembly, 27 Sep 2025 (English translation of Arabic original)

  President of the 80th Session of the General Assembly, The international community today is confronted with a broad spectrum of critical issues that weigh heavily on the conscience of humanity and require genuine cooperation and collective responsibility to address them effectively. However, there remains another…

• Speech Arabic BH 2025-09-26 Tier 2

  Kingdom of Bahrain statement to the 80th UN General Assembly, 26 Sep 2025 (English translation of Arabic original) — first Bahraini UN row, under leadership of King Hamad

  Madam President, This 80th Session of the General Assembly is convened with the world facing accelerating transformations and complex challenges, including geopolitical tensions, armed conflicts, climate change, and major political and economic crises. The Kingdom of Bahrain, under the leadership of His Majesty King…

• Interview English SY 2025-09-25 Tier 2

  Asaad al-Shaibani (Foreign Minister of the post-Assad Syria) — in conversation with Fareed Zakaria at the Council on Foreign Relations, 25 Sep 2025: "Syria is now free, without Assad regime," opening "a new page... of peace and of cooperation with the region, with the world"; the state alone should bear arms ("only the army"); and the new government "would not impose Sharia on anyone."

  Syria is now free, without Assad regime. The Syrian people now is rebuilding his country without any—without any authoritarian regime. Of course, now we are also open a new page with all the world—a page of peace and of cooperation with the region, with the world. We do not want the arms to be available to the…

• Interview English YE 2025-09-24 Tier 2

  Aidarus al-Zoubaidi (President, Southern Transitional Council; deputy chair, Yemen Presidential Leadership Council) — interview with The National at the UN, 24 Sep 2025: backs South Yemen's right to self-determination and independence (restoring the pre-1990 southern state), and — distinctively — openness to joining the Abraham Accords / ties with Israel once independent.

  Before the events in Gaza, we were advancing towards joining the Abraham Accords,” he said. “If Gaza and Palestine regain their rights, the Accords will be essential for stability in the region. When we have our southern state, we will make our own decisions and I believe we will be part of these accords. The main…

• Speech Arabic SY 2025-09-24 Tier 2

  President Ahmad al-Sharaa address to the 80th UN General Assembly, 24 Sep 2025 — first Syrian president at UN in nearly 60 years (English translation of Arabic original)

  In the name of God, the Most Merciful, the Most Compassionate, The Syrian story is one that stirs emotions, where pain is mingled with hope. It is a story of a struggle between good and evil, between the weak and strong, in which there is support by none other than God or powerful falsehood, possessing all…

• Speech English JO 2025-09-23 Tier 2

  King Abdullah II address to the 80th UN General Assembly, 23 Sep 2025

  In the Name of God, the Compassionate, the Merciful Madam President, Mr. Secretary General, Your Excellencies: Another year, another UN General Assembly, and another occasion when I stand before you to address the same issue: the conflict in the Middle East. Our UN General Assembly was born 80 years ago, pledging…

• Speech Arabic QA 2025-09-23 Tier 2

  Emir Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani address to the 80th UN General Assembly, 23 Sep 2025 — after the 9 Sep 2025 Israeli strike on Doha targeting the Hamas negotiating delegation (English translation of Arabic original)

  Your Excellency, President of the General Assembly, Your Excellency, Secretary-General of the United Nations, Honorable Audience, May the peace, mercy and blessings of God be upon you, The United Nations was established eight decades ago on a set of rules and principles reached by humanity after two world wars.…

• Press release Arabic IQ 2025-09-10 Tier 2

  Mohammed al-Halbousi (leader, Taqaddum/Progress Party; former Speaker of Iraq's Parliament) — al-Rasheed readout of his meeting with northern Babil notables, 10 Sep 2025: security/provincial stability via return of the displaced, reconstruction of damaged areas, social harmony, "preserving entitlements," and active election participation. (Outlet readout, not a verbatim quote.)

  رئيس حزب "تقدم" الرئيس محمد الحلبوسي يستقبل عدداً من شيوخ ووجهاء شمال محافظة بابل، وتم التداول في ضرورة دعم الأمن وأهمية استقرار المحافظة من خلال ضمان عودة النازحين إلى ديارهم وإعادة إعمار المناطق المتضرِّرة وتحقيق الوئام الاجتماعي الذي اعتادت عليه المحافظة لعشرات السنين، وأهمية حفظ الاستحقاقات والمشاركة الفاعلة في…

• Speech Arabic MA 2025-07-29 Tier 2

  King Mohammed VI Throne Day Speech, 29 Jul 2025 — 26th anniversary of accession (Tetouan; English translation of Arabic original)

  Dear Citizens, Throne Day celebrations provide an annual opportunity to renew the bonds of mutual allegiance and the feelings of affection and loyalty which have invariably united us, and which grow stronger as time goes by. Since my accession to the throne, I have worked to build an advanced, unified and…

• Speech English SA 2025-07-28 Tier 2

  Prince Faisal bin Farhan Al Saud (Saudi Foreign Minister) — press conference at the UN two-state conference, 28 Jul 2025 (per Middle East Monitor): "normalisation with Israel can only come through the establishment of a Palestinian state" — Saudi recognition conditioned on Palestinian statehood and self-determination.

  for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia normalisation with Israel can only come through the establishment of a Palestinian state. That position remains the same and it is based on a strong conviction that only through the establishment of a Palestinian state and only through addressing the legitimate rights of the…

• Article English SD 2025-07-01 Tier 2

  Hemedti (Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo, RSF commander) — on the RSF-led Tasis ("Founding") Alliance and its 1 July 2025 parallel-government declaration (The EastAfrican): "We are not building a parallel state… we are building the only realistic future for Sudan," and the alliance's charter for a decentralised federal, secular, democratic state. (Declared vision vs the RSF's record — Hemedti is US-designated for genocide.)

  "We are not building a parallel state. We are building the only realistic future for Sudan," said RSF leader Mohamed Hamdani Daglo aka Hemedti, in a speech shared on the group's Telegram channel. it was no different from the one initially signed in Nairobi as a "peace charter" to create a decentralised federal…

• Speech English IL 2025-05-30 Tier 2

  Israel Katz (Israel's Defense Minister; senior Likud) — statement at the re-established Sa-Nur settlement, 30 May 2025 (Times of Israel), rebuking Macron's Palestinian-state recognition: "They will recognize a Palestinian state on paper — and we will build the Jewish-Israeli state on the ground… thrown in the trash can of history," announcing 21 new West Bank settlements. The mainstream secular-nationalist Likud right.

  They will recognize a Palestinian state on paper — and we will build the Jewish-Israeli state on the ground. The paper will be thrown in the trash can of history and the State of Israel will flourish and prosper. I promised then that we would return and today we have returned here, with the decision to re-establish…

• Social post English LB 2025-05-02 Tier 2

  Taymour Jumblatt (head of the Progressive Socialist Party; MP; son of Walid) — X-post statement on the May 2025 Syrian-Druze (Jaramana / Jabal al-Arab) violence (per L'Orient Today): condemning the "bloodbath," insisting the state must ensure security, and that Syria's rebuilding "can only begin through dialogue, partnership, unity, and equality among the country's components."

  Everyone is responsible for upholding the agreements that were made, and the state must ensure security and stability. …can only begin through dialogue, partnership, unity, and equality among the country's components.

• Speech English LB 2025-04-26 Tier 2

  Samir Geagea (leader, Lebanese Forces) — statement, ~26 Apr 2025: "We cannot build a real state without the state's monopoly on arms" — his demand that Hezbollah disarm and that the state hold the sole monopoly on weapons. [Second doc — distinct STATE-MONOPOLY-ON-ARMS / Hezbollah-disarmament / sovereignty axis, vs his existing decentralization-and-democracy doc.]

  We've been missing a real state for 35 years. We cannot build a real state without the state's monopoly on arms.

• Speech Arabic JO 2025-04-23 Tier 2

  وائل السقا (الأمين العام لحزب جبهة العمل الإسلامي الأردني / الذراع السياسي للإخوان) — مؤتمر صحفي 23 أبريل 2025 (رؤيا) بعد حظر الحكومة لجماعة الإخوان المسلمين: الحزب مستقل وملتزم بالدستور والقانون الأردني وقرار الحظر "لا يعنيه". قطب المعارضة الإسلامية الموالية للنظام الدستوري.

  قرار الحكومة المتعلق بحظر النشاط السياسي لجماعة الإخوان المسلمين لا يعني الحزب. الجميع في الأردن خاضع للقانون.

• Speech Arabic YE 2025-04-10 Tier 2

  Abdul-Malik al-Houthi (supreme leader of Yemen's Ansar Allah / the Houthi movement) — televised address reported by RT Arabic (~10 Apr 2025, amid the Gaza ceasefire collapse): calls for "jihad in the path of God against the Israeli and American enemy" as "the only way" to defend Palestinian rights, charges Israel with "genocide" under "open American support," and rejects surrender, concessions and political settlement.

  — الجهاد في سبيل الله ضد العدو الإسرائيلي والأمريكي — العدو الإسرائيلي، وبدعم أمريكي مفتوح، اتجه بشكل عدواني نحو إبادة جماعية ضد الشعب الفلسطيني في القطاع — لا تؤمن بالسلام ولا بالتسوية السياسية — الخيار الجهادي هو السبيل الوحيد للحفاظ على الحقوق الفلسطينية ومواجهة المؤامرات — الاستسلام لا يخدم أحدا، لا الفلسطينيين…

• Interview English LB 2025-04-03 Tier 2

  Walid Joumblatt (Druze leader; Progressive Socialist Party) — The National interview, 3 Apr 2025: urging reconciliation with the new Syria — "Give Ahmad Al Shara a chance… you are giving a chance to the Syrian people" (despite Syria's assassination of his father) — while firmly anti-normalization yet anti-war on Israel: "I'm not favouring and will never favour peace between us and Israel."

  Give them a chance. Give Ahmad Al Shara a chance. Because when you give Ahmad Al Shara a chance, you are giving a chance to the Syrian people. I think he's an intelligent person, and he's clever. I'm just saying give Ahmad Al Shara a chance. I'm not favouring and will never favour peace between us and Israel.

• Speech English IL 2025-03-06 Tier 2

  Nir Barkat (Israel's Economy Minister; ex-Jerusalem mayor; tech entrepreneur; Likud) — European Parliament address on import reforms (per JNS, Mar 2025): free-market liberalization to cut the cost of living ("What is good for Europe is good for Israel") and an "economic peace" vision ("Palestinians should decide: Do they want the West Bank to become Dubai, or another Gaza?"). The economic-liberal / free-market Likud pole.

  What is good for Europe is good for Israel. Palestinians should decide: Do they want the West Bank to become Dubai, or another Gaza?

• Speech Arabic EG 2025-02-16 Tier 2

  Hanafy El-Gibaly (Speaker of Egypt's House of Representatives; ex-head of the Supreme Constitutional Court) — remarks via Extra News (per Sada El-Balad, 16 Feb 2025): Egypt's categorical rejection of displacing the Palestinians — a "danger of liquidating the Palestinian cause" and a "crime" — and parliament's affirmation of the historical support for "the Palestinian right."

  موقف مصر بوضوح هو رفض تهجير الفلسطينيين لما يمثله ذلك من خطر تصفية القضية الفلسطينية فضلا عن كونه جريمة تصفية خلال لقاءاتنا البرلمانية المختلفة نؤكد على الموقف التاريخي الثابت الداعم للحق الفلسطيني

• Press release English SD 2025-02-11 Tier 2

  Abdalla Hamdok (chair, Sumoud civilian-democratic coalition; former PM) — Sumoud's founding statement, Feb 2025 (via Sudans Post): democratic civil forces must keep an independent path, refuse to side with any party in the war, protect civilians, and push for an urgent political end to the war. (The civilian pole vs Burhan's army and Hemedti's RSF.)

  Sumoud rejected the idea of forming a government-in-exile, opting instead to focus on building a broad democratic front within Sudan to address the ongoing conflict. We firmly believe that democratic civil forces must maintain an independent path, refrain from siding with any party in the war, and avoid any…

• Interview English SY 2025-01-19 Tier 2

  Murhaf Abu Qasra (Defense Minister of post-Assad Syria) — interview with Reuters, 19 Jan 2025 (via ARK News): all armed factions, including the US-backed SDF, must integrate fully into the Ministry of Defense — "remaining a distinct military bloc... is incompatible with the framework of a large institution" — the new state's drive for a single national army.

  As far as the Syrian Democratic Forces becoming part of the Ministry of Defense, this position is untenable. We propose their inclusion under the Ministry of Defense’s structure, with their distribution carried out in a military framework. There's no objection to this. However, remaining a distinct military bloc…

• Speech English LB 2025-01-09 Tier 2

  Joseph Aoun (President of Lebanon from Jan 2025; former army commander) — inaugural address, 9 Jan 2025 (L'Orient Today): making the state's monopoly on arms the centerpiece — "the state's right to hold a monopoly on weapons, and to invest in the army" — alongside a rule-of-law / anti-corruption vision ("no more mafias… no more immunity for criminals and the corrupt"). The reformist / state-sovereignty pole.

  …working to ensure the state's right to hold a monopoly on weapons, and to invest in the army to monitor the borders, maintain their security in the south, define the boundaries in the east, north and at sea. If we want to build a nation, we must all be under the roof of law and justice, where there will be no more…

• Speech English LB 2024-12-24 Tier 2

  Patriarch Bechara al-Rahi (Maronite Patriarch of Antioch) — Christmas speech, 24 Dec 2024 (per Naharnet): his "positive neutrality" doctrine — one army "instead of two armies," distancing Lebanon from wars and alliances, sovereignty and non-interference, Lebanon as a neutral meeting-place. (Implicitly against Hezbollah's arms and the Iran-led axis.)

  Lebanon must protect its sovereignty and defend itself against any occupier, without interfering in the affairs of other states. This neutrality enables Lebanon to play its active role as a place of meeting and dialogue between cultures and religions, and a defender of peace in the region.

• Speech Arabic MA 2024-12-21 Tier 2

  Driss Lachgar (First Secretary of Morocco's USFP — the Socialist Union of Popular Forces) — speech at the Socialist International conference, Rabat, 21 Dec 2024 (Al-Omk): social-democratic values of "justice, equality and human solidarity" as "effective tools for building a more balanced society and a more equitable world," and support for Palestinian self-determination and an independent state under international law.

  قيم العدالة والمساواة والتضامن الإنساني ليست فقط غايات نطمح إلى تحقيقها، بل أدوات فعالة لبناء مجتمع أكثر توازنًا وعالم أكثر إنصافًا إن الشعب الفلسطيني لا يطالب بأكثر من حقوقه الطبيعية التي تضمنها الشرعية الدولية، وفي مقدمتها الحق في تقرير المصير وإقامة دولته المستقلة

• Speech Arabic SY 2024-12-08 Tier 2

  Ahmad al-Sharaa Umayyad Mosque victory speech, Damascus, 8 Dec 2024 (mosaic of sourced verbatim quotes; English translation of Arabic original)

  Speaker: Ahmad al-Sharaa (formerly Abu Mohammad al-Julani). Location: Great Umayyad Mosque, Damascus. Occasion: HTS-led takeover of Damascus and fall of the Assad regime. The speech was delivered in Arabic. No publicly available single durable English transcript exists; the following are sourced verbatim segments…

• Interview English SY 2024-12-08 Tier 2

  Hadi al-Bahra (President of the Syrian Opposition Coalition; Constitutional Committee co-chair) — Middle East Eye interview, 8 Dec 2024 (days after Assad's fall): his vision of a Syria of "equal rights and duties" for all citizens, and a transition that preserves state institutions rather than destroying them.

  united land and people, where all citizens have equal rights and duties We don't want to destroy the current state institutions. We want to keep them running.

• Interview English IL 2024-11-28 Tier 2

  Ofer Cassif (Jewish anti-Zionist MK for Hadash; only Jewish member of Israel's Arab-majority bloc) — Tribune interview, Nov 2024: "I had to be an anti-Zionist and actively oppose the ideology and practice of Zionism, given my basic socialist beliefs," indicting Israel for "genocide, ethnic cleansing… occupation" and "fascism growing stronger." The radical anti-Zionist Jewish-left pole.

  I decided that my way should be the socialist, humanist one rather than the Zionist one, that it wasn't enough not to be a Zionist, but that I had to be an anti-Zionist and actively oppose the ideology and practice of Zionism, given my basic socialist beliefs. This is the situation in Israel — alongside genocide,…

• Speech Arabic MA 2024-10-26 Tier 2

  Abdelilah Benkirane (Secretary-General, PJD) — speech at a Casablanca rally marking one year since 7 October, late Oct 2024 (Hespress): the PJD "was never with normalization, and will never be," former PM El Othmani is the one who should apologize for signing, and "the PJD cannot sell the Palestinian cause." (The internal-party counterpart to the PJD's 2020 normalization divergence.)

  قال عبد الإله بنكيران، الأمين العام لحزب العدالة والتنمية، في تجمع خطابي لتخليد السنة الأولى على مرور “طوفان الأقصى”، إن حزبه “لم يكن يوما مع التطبيع، ولن يكون معه”. لقد سبق للحزب أن اعتذر عما حدث؛ بالرغم من أن سعد الدين العثماني، رئيس الحكومة السابق، من يجب أن يقدم الاعتذار؛ لأن ما قام به له ظروف يعلمها، وحزب…

• Speech Arabic SY 2024-09-30 Tier 2

  Syrian Arab Republic statement to the 79th UN General Assembly (FM Bassam Sabbagh), 30 Sep 2024 — Assad regime's final UNGA address before the December 2024 fall (English translation of Arabic original)

  Ba'ath Party (Syria)

  Mr. President, Ladies and gentlemen, As this session of the General Assembly is taking place, tensions internationally have reached a boiling point, and efforts to maintain international peace and security are confronted with real challenges and threats: clashes are intensifying, crises are multiplying, conflicts are…

• Speech Arabic SD 2024-09-26 Tier 2

  Abdel Fattah al-Burhan address to the 79th UN General Assembly, 26 Sep 2024 (English translation of Arabic original)

  Mr. President, Your Excellency the Secretary-General of the United Nations, Your Excellencies the Kings, Presidents, and Heads of Government, Ladies and Gentlemen, I address you today on behalf of the people and government of Sudan. Firstly, I am pleased to congratulate the President of the current session and his…

• Speech Arabic QA 2024-09-24 Tier 2

  Emir Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani address to the 79th UN General Assembly, 24 Sep 2024 (English translation of Arabic original)

  In the Name of God, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful Mr. President, The blatant aggression that befalls the Palestinian people in the Gaza Strip today is the most barbaric and heinous and extensive in breaching human values, international charters and norms. This is not a war within the international relations'…

• Speech English JO 2024-09-24 Tier 2

  King Abdullah II address to the 79th UN General Assembly, 24 Sep 2024

  In the name of God, the Compassionate, the Merciful Mr President, Mr Secretary General, Your Excellencies: Over the past quarter-century, I have stood at this podium amidst regional conflicts, global upheavals, and humanitarian crises that have profoundly tested our global community. It often feels that there was…

• Speech English YE 2024-09-20 Tier 2

  Mahdi al-Mashat (President of the Houthi Supreme Political Council; de facto head of state in Sanaa) — statement to Xinhua, 20 Sep 2024: the Houthi conditions for peace — paying salaries, opening Yemen's airports and ports, releasing all prisoners, compensation/reparations, and the complete withdrawal of all foreign powers from Yemen.

  The only solution to achieve peace is ... paying the salaries of Yemenis, opening Yemen's airports and ports, and releasing all prisoners. Among the requirements of peace are also the payment of compensation, redress for damages, and the complete withdrawal from the Republic of Yemen by all foreign powers.

• Speech English JO 2024-09-15 Tier 2

  Jafar Hassan (Prime Minister of Jordan, appointed 15 Sep 2024) — first statement as PM-designate (per Roya News): pledging to "translate the Letter of Designation [the King's directive] into clear programs" — the royal-mandate-technocrat model; his government's agenda centers on comprehensive economic, political and administrative modernisation.

  His Majesty tasked me today to form a new Cabinet. Public service is a great honor and responsibility, which we will carry on with all our capability to serve Jordan and Jordanians. We will translate the Letter of Designation into clear programs rooted in dedicated service.

• Interview English JO 2024-09-12 Tier 2

  Murad al-Adaileh (Secretary-General of the Islamic Action Front, the Muslim Brotherhood's political arm in Jordan) — to Middle East Eye after the IAF topped Jordan's Sept 2024 elections: the new parliament "must be robust in confronting the extreme Israeli right, which may... align with the extreme American right if Trump wins the US elections."

  The next House of Representatives must be robust in confronting the extreme Israeli right, which may, in the future, align with the extreme American right if Trump wins the US elections

• Speech English IL 2024-06-09 Tier 2

  Benny Gantz (ex-IDF chief; National Unity leader; centrist challenger) — resigning from Israel's wartime emergency government, 9 Jun 2024 (Times of Israel): "Netanyahu prevents us from progressing to real victory… we are leaving the emergency government today," and demanding elections: "I call on Netanyahu: Set an agreed election date." [Second doc — distinct domestic-governance / anti-Netanyahu axis.]

  Unfortunately, Netanyahu prevents us from progressing to real victory… we are leaving the emergency government today with a heavy heart but wholeheartedly. I call on Netanyahu: Set an agreed election date. Don't let our people be torn apart.

• Interview English IL 2024-01-18 Tier 2

  Gadi Eisenkot (former IDF chief of staff; war-cabinet observer; National Unity MK) — Israeli-TV interview, Jan 2024 (per CNN): prioritizing the hostages over "total victory" — "for me, the mission is to save civilians (hostages) before eliminating the enemy" — and candidly admitting "a strategic achievement was not reached… we did not demolish the Hamas organization."

  There's no dilemma: for me, the mission is to save civilians (hostages) before eliminating the enemy. A strategic achievement was not reached … We did not demolish the Hamas organization.

• Social post English YE 2024-01-08 Tier 2

  Mohammed Ali al-Houthi (head of the Houthi Supreme Revolutionary Committee) — Twitter post, 8 Jan 2024 (per Seatrade Maritime): the Red Sea maritime doctrine — ships that announce "We have no relationship with Israel" get safe passage; "This step does not require militarizing the Red Sea and will not harm international navigation."

  We have no relationship with Israel This step does not require militarizing the Red Sea and will not harm international navigation

• Speech English LY 2023-12-24 Tier 2

  Abdul Hamid Dbeibah (PM, Libyan Government of National Unity) — remarks at the Tripoli Government Communication Forum (Libya Observer; undated in source, post-Sept-2023): his government "will not leave until elections are held," he backs elections under fair laws, and he "does not object to Saif Gaddafi's candidacy unless there are legal obstacles."

  The Head of the Government of National Unity, Abdul Hamid Dbeibah, has reaffirmed that “his government will not leave until elections are held and the Libyan people choose who will lead them.” In his speech at the Tripoli Government Communication Forum, as part of the Tripoli Media Days, Dbeibah reaffirmed his…

• Speech Arabic PS 2023-11-24 Tier 2

  Ziad al-Nakhalah (Secretary-General, Palestinian Islamic Jihad) — televised speech during the first Gaza truce, 24 Nov 2023 (full text via Al-Quds News): the enemy's captured officers/soldiers will not be released except by freeing ALL Palestinian prisoners, tied to ending the war ("everyone for everyone"). Supplies verbatim content for his previously-empty placeholder doc.

  ونحن ما زلنا عند موقفنا، لن يخرج باقي أسرى العدو من الضباط والجنود دون حرية كل أسرانا، وهذا مرتبط بنهاية العدوان، وليس قبل ذلك بأي حال من الأحوال. وامتدادًا لذلك، فإننا بصمود مقاتلينا، وقتالهم في الميدان، سنجبر العدو لاحقًا، إن شاء الله، على عملية تبادل كبرى، تضمن تحرير أسرانا جميعهم، تحت عنوان الجميع مقابل الجميع.

• Speech English BH 2023-11-18 Tier 2

  Crown Prince Salman bin Hamad Al Khalifa (Crown Prince & PM of Bahrain) — remarks at the Manama Dialogue, Nov 2023 (Newsweek): condemning both Hamas's 7 October attack ("barbaric") and Israel's Gaza air campaign, insisting "no real security will ever be realized until a real two-state solution is found," and that "the United States is indispensable" to peace.

  The attacks on October 7 were barbaric. I unequivocally condemn the air campaign that resulted in the death of over 11,000 people in Gaza, 4,700 of which are children. No real security will ever be realized until a real two-state solution is found. So, preserving this path to peace, will demand strong leadership—from…

• Speech Arabic QA 2023-09-19 Tier 2

  Emir Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani address to the 78th UN General Assembly, 19 Sep 2023 (English translation of Arabic original) — pre-October 7 doctrine

  In the Name of God, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful Mr. President, God has bestowed a favor on us by living in an era of unprecedented accelerating progress, in which an innovative spirit prevails in the fields of medicine, technology and science in general. The sequent innovations have brought about…

• Interview English EG 2023-08-07 Tier 2

  Ayman Nour (Egypt's leading liberal opposition figure; founder, El-Ghad Party) — exclusive DAWN "Democracy in Exile" interview, 7 Aug 2023: frames the 2013 takeover as "a coup against the revolution," casts his exile as the price of free expression, and condemns Sisi-era arbitrary detention and frequent deaths of detainees in custody.

  It was a coup against the revolution, and I left," Nour says in an exclusive interview with Democracy in Exile. "I left Egypt to be able to express my opinion and say what I wanted about what is happening in my country. Some people are arrested, but we do not know why they are arrested and why they are released or…

• Interview English LB 2023-07-31 Tier 2

  Riad Salameh (Governor of Lebanon's central bank, Banque du Liban, 1993–2023) — statement to CNBC on the day he left office, 31 Jul 2023, rejecting blame for the financial collapse: "It is untrue to hold me directly and solely responsible," arguing exchange policy was set by successive governments, not the central bank.

  It is untrue to hold me directly and solely responsible. The exchange policies are determined by the government and [the Banque Du Liban] applies them in every government that was elected since 1993, their target was exchange stability.

• Press release English IL 2023-06-23 Tier 2

  Orit Strock (Religious Zionism MK; Israel's Minister of Settlements & National Missions) — public statement (~June 2023, per FMEP's translation) celebrating settlement expansion after the Eli-junction terror attack: building "1,000 more Jewish families… was the Zionist price tag for murdering Jews… there we will deepen our roots." The messianic religious-Zionist settler / Greater-Israel pole.

  1,000 more Jewish families in the place where Jewish lives were cut short. Every terrorist must know that this was the Zionist price tag for murdering Jews. In the place from where they try to uproot us – there we will deepen our roots. Not instead of eliminating the terrorists, not instead of the checkpoints, and not…

• Interview English IL 2023-06-17 Tier 2

  Ehud Olmert (former Prime Minister of Israel, 2006–2009) — interview via The Philadelphia Inquirer, Jun 2023: warning that without a two-state solution Israel risks apartheid comparison — "We are reaching a point where we will be compared with the apartheid regime… of South Africa" — and that "this government doesn't want to make peace."

  We are reaching a point where we will be compared with the apartheid regime that led the civilized world to boycott South Africa. This government doesn't want to make peace. It won't make any effort to make peace.

• Speech English SA 2023-06-17 Tier 2

  Prince Faisal bin Farhan Al Saud (Saudi Foreign Minister) — statement during his Tehran visit, ~17 Jun 2023 (post-rapprochement; per Gulf Research Center): Saudi–Iran cooperation on regional security, maritime-navigation security, and a region free of weapons of mass destruction. [Second doc — distinct SAUDI–IRAN DÉTENTE / regional-de-escalation axis, vs his existing Israel-normalization-conditionality doc.]

  I would like to refer to the importance of cooperation between the two countries on regional security, especially the security of maritime navigation, and the importance of cooperation among all regional countries to ensure that it is free of weapons of mass destruction.

• Interview English IL 2023-06-08 Tier 2

  Merav Michaeli (then leader of Israel's Labor Party; feminist, Zionist-left) — interview with The Forward during a 2023 US visit (8 Jun 2023): calls reviving liberal Zionism "the future of Israel," likens Netanyahu's politics to Trumpism, and vows to defend Israeli democracy against the judicial overhaul.

  The future of Israel depends on its going back to the Zionist vision,” she said during a recent visit to the U.S. “And our side of the political map must rebuild its political power, build the infrastructure that it doesn’t have today to reach people’s hearts and minds. I think post 2016, Americans should realize…

• Speech Arabic PS 2023-06-02 Tier 2

  Mahmoud al-Aloul (deputy chairman of Fatah) — remarks during a visit to Barqa and al-Mughayyir, West Bank (per WAFA, the official Palestinian news agency, 2 Jun 2023): Palestinians will confront settlement and occupation with "popular resistance in all its forms," removing settlement outposts on the path to liberation and a Palestinian state with Jerusalem as capital, and will work to implement international-legitimacy resolutions.

  وهو الأمر الذي لن يرضى أبناء شعبنا به، وسيواجهونه بالمقاومة الشعبية بكافة أشكالها، ضمن دفاعهم عن أنفسهم وإزالة البؤر الاستيطانية على طريق التحرير وإقامة الدولة الفلسطينية وعاصمتها القدس [أبناء شعبنا] لن يسمحوا له بالاستمرار في احتلاله، بل سيعملون على تطبيق قرارات الشرعية الدولية

• Press release English IL 2023-04-28 Tier 2

  Avi Maoz (leader of the religious Noam party; ex-deputy minister for "Jewish national identity") — letter to party supporters (per Times of Israel, 28 Apr 2023) decrying the public prominence of a same-sex couple: opposing "a new public stance celebrating a new family model and harming our basic values as the nation of God and as a Jewish state." The anti-LGBT / religious social-conservative pole.

  One cannot agree, including through silence or lack of protest, to audacious indoctrination that creates a new public stance celebrating a new family model and harming our basic values as the nation of God and as a Jewish state.

• Article English IL 2023-02-23 Tier 2

  Religious Zionism's behavioral record in power: the Defense-Ministry memorandum transferring authority over most West Bank civil affairs (COGAT / Civil Administration — land, planning, 'state land' declarations, settlement 'legalization', the new 'Settlement Administration') to party leader Bezalel Smotrich as 'additional minister' — implementing, per Adalah, the Religious Zionist Party's "Israeli sovereignty" / de-facto-annexation agenda. Powers list documented verbatim by Adalah; transfer formalized Feb 2023 (coalition agreement Dec 2022); corroborated by The Washington Institute.

  Religious Zionism Party

  According to the memorandum, the Defense Minister will retain responsibility for military activities in the West Bank, while Smotrich will have authority over most civil matters. This includes directing policies for the Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories (COGAT) and civil administration in key…

• Article English IL 2023-01-04 Tier 2

  Likud behavioral democracy record — the 2023 judicial overhaul: the Likud-led government's plan (architected by Likud Justice Minister Yariv Levin) to curb Supreme Court judicial review; PM Netanyahu (Likud) said it would "strengthen democracy," while the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights warned it would "drastically undermine" the judiciary's check on executive and legislative power. Reported by JURIST (Feb 2023).

  Likud

  Specifically, Türk said that the proposals would limit the Israeli Supreme Court’s ability to perform judicial review of legislation and would require either a super majority or unanimity of judges for the court to overturn legislation. Netanyahu also dismissed Türk’s concerns and said the reforms would “strengthen…

• Speech English IL 2022-12-29 Tier 2

  Amir Ohana (Likud; Knesset Speaker; Israel's first openly gay Speaker; ex-Justice & Public-Security Minister) — inaugural address as Speaker (per Times of Israel, 29 Dec 2022): as a gay man leading a right-religious coalition with anti-LGBT partners, vowing "This Knesset, under the leadership of this speaker, won't hurt them or any other family, period." The gay-right / nationalist-LGBT paradox pole.

  This Knesset, under the leadership of this speaker, won't hurt them or any other family, period.

• Article English IL 2022-12-27 Tier 2

  Shas behavioral democracy / rule-of-law record — the "Deri Law" (27 Dec 2022): at Shas's behest, the new coalition amended Basic Law: The Government to exclude suspended sentences from the bar on convicts serving as ministers, specifically so convicted Shas leader Aryeh Deri could be appointed minister — criticized as "personal legislation." Documented by JURIST (Univ. of Pittsburgh Law).

  Shas

  This morning, 27th December, Israel’s new coalition passed a bill that will allow parliament member Aryeh Deri, leader of the “Shas” faction in the Knesset, to be nominated as minister despite his recent criminal convictions of tax offenses. Now the new government of Benjamin Netanyahu has changed the relevant clause…

• Party platform Hebrew IL 2022-12-21 Tier 2

  Likud–United Torah Judaism coalition agreement, 37th government (signed 21 Dec 2022) — selected clauses: religion-state status quo (§22, §24), yeshiva conscription exemption & Basic Law: Torah Study (§18), and the judicial-overhaul / override-clause commitment (§49). Full agreement text first published by JDN; substance corroborated by mainstream reporting (Times of Israel, Maariv).

  United Torah Judaism

  18. לאור החשיבות שהעם היהודי העניק ומעניק ללימוד תורה לאורך הדורות, תושלם חקיקת חוק יסוד: לימוד תורה הקובעת שלימוד התורה הוא ערך יסוד במורשת העם היהודי, וזאת עד להעברת תקציב לשנת 2023. בד בבד, עד העברת התקציב לשנת 2023, יושלם תיקון לחוק שירות הביטחון להסדרת מעמדם של תלמידי הישיבות בהסכמת כל סיעות הקואליציה. סיעת יהדות…

• Speech English IL 2022-09-22 Tier 2

  Yair Lapid address to the UN General Assembly (77th session), 22 Sep 2022

  Israel's economic and military strength allows us to protect ourselves but it also allows us something else: To strive for peace with the entire Arab world. And with our closest neighbors – the Palestinians. An agreement with the Palestinians, based on two states for two peoples, is the right thing for Israel's…

• Speech English IL 2022-09-20 Tier 2

  Merav Michaeli (then leader of Israel's Labor Party; Zionist-left) — 2022 campaign-launch remarks, 20 Sep 2022: "Without a two-state solution, we will stay with one state for two nations and that's the end of the State of Israel as we know it" — the Zionist-left's two-state / end-the-conflict stance. [Second doc — distinct TWO-STATE / peace foreign-policy axis, vs her existing liberal-Zionism / pro-democracy doc.]

  The next government must renew political discourse and stop hiding behind empty words like 'managing the conflict' or 'reducing the conflict.' Without a two-state solution, we will stay with one state for two nations and that's the end of the State of Israel as we know it and love it, and we won't let it happen.

• Speech English JO 2022-09-20 Tier 2

  King Abdullah II address to the 77th UN General Assembly, 20 Sep 2022

  In the name of God, the Compassionate, the Merciful Mr President, Mr Secretary General, Your Excellencies: We meet today, in this General Assembly, as the alarm bells ring all around us. Numerous crises batter our world; crises that are increasingly interlocked—regional conflicts with international impact,…

• Interview English IL 2022-09-05 Tier 2

  Miri Regev (senior Likud minister; ex-Culture & Sport Minister) — Davar interview, Sep 2022: positioning herself as the voice of the periphery against the center/elite — "they see me as their mouthpiece, and their representative" — and waging culture war on the Tel Aviv establishment: "I made it clear that culture was not born in Tel Aviv." The Likud populist-nationalist / Mizrahi-periphery / anti-elite pole.

  You have to understand that in Israeli society, there are still very large gaps between the periphery and the center; There are people who don't have the opportunity and the tools to fight in an equal way, and they see me as their mouthpiece, and their representative. I made it clear that culture was not born in Tel…

• Arabic TN 2022-07-25 Tier 2

  Tunisia 2022 Constitution — Article 5 (state-religion clause) and surrounding context, drafted under Kais Saied, ratified by referendum 25 Jul 2022 (English translation of Arabic original)

  Constitutional text drafted under President Kais Saied, published in the Official Gazette 30 June 2022 (amended 8 July 2022), ratified by referendum 25 July 2022. The 2022 Constitution replaced Tunisia's 2014 Constitution and concentrates executive power in the presidency. **Article 5 (the state-religion clause, as…

• Interview Arabic PS 2021-08-02 Tier 2

  حركة الجهاد الإسلامي في فلسطين — من حوار أمينها العام زياد النخالة (عربي21، 2 أغسطس 2021، ومنشور على الموقع الرسمي للحركة jehad.ps): رفض التسوية مع الاحتلال وبرنامج منظمة التحرير، وأن إقامة دولة فلسطينية لا تتم إلا عبر المقاومة وتغيير موازين القوى. القطب الرافض الإسلامي المقاوم. [موقف سياسي-أيديولوجي معلن؛ المحتوى العملياتي مستبعَد.]

  Palestinian Islamic Jihad

  كل من يطرح التسوية مع الاحتلال ويعتقد بأنها ممكنة فهو لا يفهم طبيعة المشروع الصهيوني. إقامة دولة فلسطينية لا يمكن أن تتم إلا عبر تغيير موازين القوى وعبر المقاومة.

• Speech Hebrew IL 2021-04-01 Tier 2

  Mansour Abbas prime-time address: 'coexistence based on mutual respect', 1 Apr 2021 (English translation of Hebrew original)

  "I carry a prayer of hope, and the search for coexistence based on mutual respect and genuine equality. What we have in common is greater than what divides us." "I, Mansour Abbas, a man of the Islamic Movement, am a proud Arab and Muslim, a citizen of the state of Israel, who heads the leading, biggest political…

• Party platform English IL 2021-03-23 Tier 2

  7 Principles for New Hope (Tikva Hadasha) — party platform (official English edition)

  New Hope

  7 Principles for New Hope 1. Israel is Jewish and Democratic. New Hope will preserve Israel as the nation state of the Jewish people and a democratic state. 2. Fortifying National Strengths. New Hope will preserve Israel's national security and develop Israel's components of power – military, economic, technological,…

• Article English AE 2021-01-27 Tier 2

  Ahmed Mansoor (Emirati human-rights defender; Martin Ennals laureate) — per Human Rights Watch / GCHR (27 Jan 2021): the UAE jailed its most prominent rights activist for 10 years for peaceful advocacy — his tweets about injustices, online human-rights conferences and contacts with HRW/GCHR were used as criminal evidence; UAE laws "criminalize the peaceful criticism of senior officials... and... imprison anyone who argues for political reform."

  Mansoor’s tweets about injustices, participation in international human rights conferences online, and his email exchanges and WhatsApp conversations with international human rights organizations, including Human Rights Watch and the Gulf Centre for Human Rights, were all included as evidence of criminal activity to…

• Article English MA 2020-12-22 Tier 2

  PJD declared-vs-behavioral divergence on Israel normalization: the party's historic anti-normalization stance (incl. a 2013 bill to ban any ties) vs its acquiescence in power to King Mohammed VI's December 2020 normalization with Israel — signed by PJD secretary-general/PM Saadeddine El Othmani. Documented by the Moshe Dayan Center (Tel Aviv University); royal-prerogative context noted.

  Justice and Development Party

  It has historically opposed normalization with Israel; in August 2013, together with other parties, the PJD submitted a bill that would have banned any relations between Morocco and Israel. the Party for Justice and Development (PJD), the Moroccan Islamist ruling party, has faced criticism for its acquiescence to the…

• Interview English AE 2020-08-07 Tier 2

  Iyad El-Baghdadi (Palestinian-Norwegian pro-democracy activist; founder, Kawaakibi Foundation) — interview with The New Arab, Aug 2020: the Arab Spring digital-activist's "counter-revolution" thesis — "even before the coup in Egypt in 2013, it was clear that my country's [the UAE's] government was leading the counter revolution" — and Twitter as "an alternative parliament for the Arabs" wearing away "the rusty narratives of the region's dictators."

  Even before the coup in Egypt in 2013, it was clear that my country's government was leading the counter revolution. Twitter became an alternative parliament for the Arabs, a hangout for native Arabic speakers and thinkers. We started to wear away at the rusty narratives of the region’s dictators.

• Speech English LY 2020-04-27 Tier 2

  Khalifa Haftar (commander, Libyan National Army) — televised speech of 27 April 2020 (Middle East Eye): claims a "popular mandate" for the armed forces to take over Libya's governance and unilaterally declares the 2015 UN-brokered Skhirat political agreement null and void. (Complements the Dbeibah doc — the rival eastern side of Libya's split.)

  In a televised speech on Monday night, the leader of the Libyan National Army (LNA) announced that the General Command of the Armed Forces had "accepted the will of the people" to take over management of the country. "We announce our acceptance of the people's will and mandate and the end of the Skhirat Agreement,"…

• Article English YE 2020-04-11 Tier 2

  Ansar Allah (Houthis) behavioral press-freedom record: the Houthi-controlled Specialized Criminal Court in Sanaa sentenced four detained journalists (Amran, al-Walidi, Humaid, al-Mansouri) to death on 11 Apr 2020 over their journalism; the UN Group of Eminent Experts found the Houthis use these courts "to suppress dissent." Documented by Human Rights Watch (6 Nov 2020); corroborated by CPJ (11 Apr 2020).

  Ansar Allah (Houthis)

  On April 11, 2020, the Houthi-controlled Specialized Criminal Court in Sanaa sentenced the four Yemeni journalists to death after an unfair trial on politically motivated charges of treason and spying for foreign states because of their work as journalists. The United Nations Group of Eminent Experts for Yemen has…

• Speech Arabic TN 2019-10-23 Tier 2

  Kais Saied presidential oath and inaugural remarks, Tunis, 23 Oct 2019 (mosaic of verbatim quotes; English translation of Arabic original)

  Speaker: Kais Saied, on inauguration as President of the Tunisian Republic at the Assembly of People's Representatives, Tunis. Date: 23 October 2019. The constitutional oath of office, taken verbatim: "I swear by Almighty God to safeguard the independence of the homeland and the integrity of its territory, to respect…

• Speech English IL 2019-05-27 Tier 2

  Avigdor Lieberman (leader of Yisrael Beiteinu; secular-nationalist) — coalition-crisis statements, 27 May 2019: "We are in favor of a Jewish state, we are against a halachic state" — his anti-ultra-Orthodox-coercion / Haredi-draft-equality stand that forced Israel's first-ever repeat election. [Second doc — distinct SECULARISM / religion-state axis, vs his 2010 UN foreign-policy address.]

  I want to emphasize yet again: We are in favor of a Jewish state, we are against a halachic [Jewish law] state. I agree it's not just the draft law. The draft law became a symbol… but look at what is happening here.

• Article Arabic EG 2019-04-18 Tier 2

  Mostaqbal Watan's behavioral democracy/regime record: the party (chaired by Ashraf Rashad) held mass rallies and campaigned for a "yes" vote on the April 2019 constitutional amendments that extended Sisi's tenure (potentially to 2030) and entrenched military/executive power. Party rally documented by Al-Ahram (18 Apr 2019); amendments' content per HRW/ICJ ("consolidate authoritarian rule").

  Mostaqbal Watan

  نظم حزب مستقبل وطن فى محافظة الشرقية مؤتمرا جماهيريا حاشدا باستاد الزقازيق الرياضي، بحضور المهندسين أشرف رشاد الشريف رئيس الحزب، والنائب أشرف رشاد عثمان، نائب رئيس الحزب، والمهندس حسام الخولى الأمين العام للحزب وناشد جموع المواطنين من شباب الشرقية بصفة خاصة والمصريين بصفة عامة النزول والمشاركة بكثافة يومي 20 و21 و22…

• Party platform English IL 2019-04-09 Tier 2

  Otzma Yehudit party platform — 'Aliya, Construction, Emigration and Peace' (2019; English edition)

  Otzma Yehudit

  We of Otzma Yehudit (Jewish Strength) recognize the demographic problem and intend to tackle head on, with determination and power, the disaster that lies ahead. To beat the enemy, not to surrender to them. To fight for a Jewish State and to win. Let us be clear: To wage war on the enemy is not racism, there is no…

• Article English PS 2019-03-20 Tier 2

  Hamas behavioral civil-liberties / press-freedom record in Gaza: the March 2019 crackdown on the "We Want to Live" (Bidna Na'eesh) economic protests — Hamas security forces beat demonstrators, rights defenders and journalists and made 1,000+ arbitrary arrests (incl. at least 17 journalists and 6 human-rights defenders). Documented by Human Rights Watch (20 Mar 2019).

  Hamas

  Hamas security forces have responded by viciously beating demonstrators, as shown in footage we have reviewed; rights defenders, including two senior representatives of the Palestinian watchdog the Independent Commission for Human Rights (ICHR); and opponents, including the spokesman of Fatah, its political rival…

• Article English SY 2019-01-28 Tier 2

  Hayat Tahrir al-Sham behavioral civil-liberties / press-freedom record in Idlib: HRW documented 11 cases of HTS detaining residents for peacefully documenting abuses or protesting its rule (6 tortured), plus the death sentence of journalist Amjad al-Maleh. Documented by Human Rights Watch (28 Jan 2019).

  Hayat Tahrir al-Sham

  Human Rights Watch documented 11 cases in which the group, Hay’et Tahrir al-Sham, detained Idlib residents, apparently because of their peaceful work documenting abuses or protesting the group’s rule. Six of those detained were apparently tortured. On December 9, citing sources close to Hay’et Tahrir al-Sham, news…

• Article English PS 2018-10-23 Tier 2

  Fatah-led Palestinian Authority behavioral civil-liberties / press-freedom record: HRW found the PA "routinely arrest[s] and torture[s] peaceful critics and opponents" in the West Bank, and held 221 Palestinians in administrative detention without charge or trial (Jan 2017–Aug 2018). HRW report "Two Authorities, One Way, Zero Dissent" (23 Oct 2018).

  Fatah

  The Fatah-led Palestinian Authority in the West Bank and Hamas authorities in Gaza routinely arrest and torture peaceful critics and opponents, Human Rights Watch said in a report released today. Palestinian Authority security forces also held 221 Palestinians for various periods between January 2017 and August 2018…

• Press release English IL 2018-10-21 Tier 2

  Miri Regev (senior Likud minister; then Culture & Sport Minister) — official statement, 21 Oct 2018, on her "Culture Loyalty" bill: "preserving freedom of expression does not allow incitement against the Jewish and democratic State of Israel" — conditioning state arts funding on loyalty to the state. [Second doc — distinct CULTURE-WAR / free-expression / loyalty-in-culture axis, vs her existing Mizrahi periphery-populism doc.]

  Freedom of expression is a guiding light for us and a central value in the life of the State of Israel as a democratic state, but preserving freedom of expression does not allow incitement against the Jewish and democratic State of Israel.

• Speech Arabic LB 2018-09-26 Tier 2

  Michel Aoun address to the UN General Assembly (73rd session), 26 Sep 2018 (English translation of Arabic original)

  In Lebanon, we are groping our way to rise from the consecutive crises that struck us at various levels. In security, Lebanon managed to consolidate its security and stability after having abolished the agglomerations of terrorists from its Eastern and Northern barrens, and after having dismantled their sleeper…

• Speech Arabic TN 2018-08-13 Tier 2

  Beji Caid Essebsi (President of Tunisia; founder of Nidaa Tounes) — National Women's Day speech, 13 Aug 2018 (per Al Bayan): proposing gender-equal inheritance as law — a historic break with Islamic-law inheritance — while pairing it with a pragmatic opt-out (testators may keep Sharia shares), embodying his secular, consensus-democracy model.

  نقترح أن تصبح المساواة في الميراث بين الرجل والمرأة قانونا لكن بما أن رئيس الدولة رئيس الجميع ومن واجبه التجميع أكثر من التفرقة نقترح أن المورث الذي يريد تطبيق القواعد الشرعية في ورثته له ذلك

• Speech English IL 2018-07-19 Tier 2

  Ahmad Tibi (Arab-Israeli MK; leader of Ta'al; ex-deputy Knesset speaker) — statement after the 2018 Jewish Nation-State Law vote (per Vice): "I announce with shock and sorrow the death of democracy." The leading parliamentary voice of Israel's Palestinian-Arab citizens, demanding "a state of all its citizens."

  I announce with shock and sorrow the death of democracy.

• Speech Arabic LB 2017-11-04 Tier 2

  Saad Hariri — March-14 Sunni leader on Saudi-detention silence + Assad-as-monster (2012-2019)

  From Saad Hariri (b. 1970, son of assassinated Lebanese PM Rafik Hariri; leader of the Future Movement, the dominant Sunni Muslim political party in Lebanon; Prime Minister 2009-2011 and 2016-2020, presiding over the October-2019 mass protests that toppled his second premiership): **December 2012** (after Syria…

• Social post English SA 2017-09-09 Tier 2

  Salman al-Awda (prominent Saudi reformist cleric; detained Sept 2017) — per Human Rights Watch (7 Jan 2018): ordered to tweet support for the Saudi-led blockade of Qatar, he instead posted a call for Gulf reconciliation ("may God harmonize between their hearts for the good of their people") and was detained, held in solitary confinement without charge, with travel bans imposed on his family.

  He said he believed that al-Awda was being held because he hadn’t complied with an order from Saudi authorities to tweet a specific text to support the Saudi-led isolation of Qatar. Instead, he posted a tweet on September 9, the second part of which stated, “may God harmonize between their hearts for the good of their…

• Interview English IL 2017-08-09 Tier 2

  Ayman Odeh interview, Fathom: 'change is impossible without us', 2017

  [Q: What is your vision for the future of the Arab-Palestinian minority in Israel?] Ayman Odeh: That there should be peace based on two states along the 1967 borders with very good relations between them, and that following the establishment of a Palestinian state there should be peace between Israel and all the Arab…

• Arabic PS 2017-05-01 Tier 2

  Hamas 2017 Document of General Principles and Policies (English translation of Arabic original)

  Hamas

  18. The following are considered null and void: the Balfour Declaration, the British Mandate Document, the UN Palestine Partition Resolution, and whatever resolutions and measures that derive from them or are similar to them. The establishment of "Israel" is entirely illegal and contravenes the inalienable rights of…

• English EG 2017-03-29 Tier 2

  Alaa Abd El-Fattah (Egyptian writer, technologist and pro-democracy activist; long-imprisoned) — open letter to the RightsCon conference smuggled from Tora prison, 2017: "Fix your own democracy... the only possible answer," and a warning that human-rights advocacy must not become "a weapon in a cold war... [as] the Arab revolutions were lost when revolutionaries found themselves... recruits in proxy wars between regional powers."

  Fix your own democracy: This has always been my answer to the question “how can we help?” I still believe it is the only possible answer. Not only is where you live, work, vote, pay tax, and organize the place where you have more influence, but a setback for human rights in a place where democracy has deep roots is…

• Speech Arabic EG 2016-09-20 Tier 2

  Sisi 2016 UN General Assembly address (71st session)

  وفى وسط تلك التحديات التي يموج بها النظام الدولي، استطاع شعب مصر أن يفرض إرادته لتحقيق الاستقرار وحماية الدولة ومؤسساتها بل وتحصين المجتمع من التشرذم والانزلاق نحو الفوضى؛ فأقر دستوراً جديداً يحمى الحقوق والحريات، التي شملها الإعلان العالمي لحقوق الإنسان، حيث كفل الدستور المساواة في الحقوق على أساس المواطنة، ورسخ…

• English BH 2016-09-04 Tier 2

  Nabeel Rajab (Bahraini human-rights defender; president of the Bahrain Center for Human Rights) — from his op-ed "Letter From a Bahraini Jail," The New York Times, 4 Sep 2016 (confirmed via Salon/TIME; NYT original paywalled): Bahrain jails those "daring to desire democracy," "no one has been properly held to account" for systematic abuses, and a challenge to the US over an ally that "punishes its people for thinking."

  This is a country that has subjected its people to imprisonment, torture and even death for daring to desire democracy. No one has been properly held to account for systematic abuses that have affected thousands. Is this the kind of ally America wants? The kind that punishes its people for thinking, that prevents…

• English TN 2016-08-19 Tier 2

  From Political Islam to Muslim Democracy — Rached Ghannouchi (Foreign Affairs, 2016)

  Ennahda

  Ennahda has moved beyond its origins as an Islamist party and has fully embraced a new identity as a party of Muslim democrats. It has ended all of its cultural and religious activities and now focuses only on politics. Tunisia's new constitution, ratified in 2014, enshrines democracy and protects political and…

• Article English BH 2016-05-30 Tier 2

  Sheikh Ali Salman (Secretary-General of al-Wefaq, Bahrain's main opposition party) — Amnesty International (30 May 2016): Bahrain's appeal court upheld his conviction and raised his sentence from 4 to 9 years over 2012/2014 speeches criticizing the government; Amnesty deems him a prisoner of conscience jailed solely for peacefully expressing his views.

  In a shocking attack on the right to freedom of expression Bahrain’s authorities today upheld the conviction of opposition leader Sheikh ‘Ali Salman and increased his prison sentence from four to nine years for giving speeches in which he criticized the government, said Amnesty International. Sheikh ‘Ali Salman, who…

• Speech Arabic YE 2016-05-21 Tier 2

  Ali Abdullah Saleh (President of Yemen 1978–2012; architect of Yemeni unity) — Yemeni Unity Day speech, 21 May 2016 (per Almrasil): celebrating the 1990 unification "whose flag rose high on 22 May 1990 in… Aden — that ended forever the two partition regimes… and reunited the Yemeni fold."

  الوحدة اليمنية التي ارتفع علمها شامخاً يوم الـ22من مايو عام 1990م في مدينة عدن الباسلة, والتي أنهت وإلى الأبد النظامين الشطريين اللذين كانا قائمان في شطري الوطن، ولمّت الشمل اليمني وأعادت للتاريخ إعتباره

• Speech English IL 2016-05-04 Tier 2

  Yair Golan (then IDF Deputy Chief of Staff; later a Labor/Democrats leader) — 2016 Holocaust Remembrance Day address (per Times of Israel): warning that trends in Israel echo pre-Holocaust Europe — "finding evidence of their existence here in our midst, today, in 2016" — and of the ease of becoming "callous, morally corrupt and hypocritical." [Second doc — distinct moral-character / democratic-warning axis.]

  If there is something that frightens me in the memory of the Holocaust, it is identifying horrifying processes that occurred in Europe…70, 80 and 90 years ago and finding evidence of their existence here in our midst, today, in 2016. There is nothing easier than hating the other. There is nothing easier than raising…

• Interview English EG 2016-04-08 Tier 2

  Mohamed Aboul-Ghar (founder/first president of the Egyptian Social Democratic Party) — interview (per Atlantic Council, ~2016): the ESDP's constructive-critical middle ground — "We are neither an opposition party, nor a pro-government party… When the president does something good, we support him, and when he adopts what [we] believe are wrong decisions, we speak out."

  We are neither an opposition party, nor a pro-government party. When the president does something good, we support him, and when he adopts what believe are wrong decisions, we speak out against those decisions.

• Interview English EG 2016-02-16 Tier 2

  Bassem Youssef ("the Jon Stewart of Egypt"; satirist) — PBS NewsHour interview, 16 Feb 2016 (5th anniversary of Mubarak's fall): "A revolution is not an event. It's a process. And it takes its time"; and a deadpan-satirical indictment of Egypt's repression — "There is absolutely no crackdown on freedom of speech."

  A revolution is not an event. It's a process. And it takes its time. We absolutely have no problem. Political satire shows like mine are still going on, on the air. There is absolutely no crackdown on freedom of speech.

• Article English EG 2015-04-05 Tier 2

  Mahmoud Abu Zeid "Shawkan" (Egyptian photojournalist; 2018 UNESCO Press Freedom laureate) — from his April 2015 letter smuggled out of Tora prison (Amnesty International): his account of being arrested on 14 Aug 2013 simply for photographing the Rabaa dispersal — jailed 5½ years for "taking pictures."

  My life changed forever on the morning of Wednesday 14 August 2013. I was taking pictures of people protesting on the streets of Cairo when police came and locked down the streets. Thousands of people were immediately arrested – not only Morsi supporters, but also dozens of people caught up in the wrong place at the…

• Speech Arabic IQ 2014-06-13 Tier 2

  Grand Ayatollah Sistani fatwa for defensive jihad against ISIS, Karbala Friday prayers, 13 Jun 2014 (English translation of Arabic original)

  Speaker (by proxy): Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani, the highest Shia marja' (religious authority) in Najaf. Location: announced through his representative Sheikh Abdul Mehdi al-Karbalai during Friday prayer sermons in Karbala. Date: 13 June 2014, three days after ISIS captured Mosul. The single core sentence of the…

• Speech Arabic DZ 2014-04-28 Tier 2

  Abdelaziz Bouteflika (President of Algeria) — 4th-term inaugural address, April 2014 (Ennahar, full text): national reconciliation as his priority (the hand "extended to Algeria's astray sons" to return home) coupled with stability-first and an iron hand against terrorism; the national identity of "Islam, Arabism and Amazighity."

  إن أول هذه الالتزامات هو العمل وإياكم على الحفاظ على استقرار البلاد، إن يد الجزائر ما تزال ممدودة لأبنائها الضالين الذين أجدّد لهم الدعوة للعودة إلى الديار. إن المصالحة الوطنية تبقى أولويتي، باسم الشعب الذي اعتنقها وتبناها. التمسك بثوابتنا الوطنية ومكونات هويتنا الوطنية من إسلام وعروبة وأمازيغية

• Speech Arabic EG 2013-07-05 Tier 2

  Mohamed Badie (General Guide, Muslim Brotherhood) — his Rabaa al-Adawiya address, ~5 July 2013: the famous declaration "our peacefulness is stronger than bullets," framing the Brotherhood's response to the coup as nonviolent resistance and calling the army back to its constitutional role (documented by Arabi21, with his verbatim slogan).

  بعد يومين من إعلان الانقلاب العسكري، اعتلى بديع منصة رابعة للمرة الأولي والأخيرة مُلقيا خطابا قويا ورآه البعض تاريخيا أعلن فيه قولته الشهيرة "سلميتنا أقوى من الرصاص"، لتُعبر عن استراتيجية الجماعة في هذه المرحلة، ومؤكدا على إصرار الجماعة على الحفاظ على الأرواح، داعيا الجيش المصري إلى العودة إلى حضن شعبه، وأن يعود إلى…

• Article English IQ 2013-04-28 Tier 2

  State of Law-led (Maliki) government's press-freedom record: the Communications and Media Commission's 28 Apr 2013 suspension of 10 satellite channels (incl. Al Jazeera), targeting opposition/pro-Sunni outlets after their Hawija-raid coverage — HRW found no legal basis (arbitrary). Documented by Human Rights Watch (30 Apr 2013); corroborated by CPJ.

  State of Law Coalition

  The official Communications and Media Commission suspended the licenses on April 28, 2013, amid spiraling violence and anti-government demonstrations in Sunni-majority provinces. The license suspensions targeted exclusively opposition stations while leaving others like state-run al-Iraqiya channel free to continue…

• Article English EG 2012-12-05 Tier 2

  FJP behavioral civil-liberties record — the Dec 2012 Itihadiya Palace detentions: FJP Deputy Secretary Essam al-Erian called on air for protesters to be "arrested," and Brotherhood/FJP members detained and beat 49 anti-Morsi protesters at a makeshift center (a police report records "youth from the Freedom and Justice Party" handed them over). Documented by Human Rights Watch (12 Dec 2012).

  Freedom and Justice Party

  During the clashes on the evening of December 5, FJP Deputy Secretary Essam al-Erian gave a live television interview, saying, “Everyone must go now to Ettihadiya and surround the thugs and separate the real revolutionaries out for one or two nights and then we can arrest them all.” Alleged Muslim Brotherhood and FJP…

• Bill Arabic EG 2012-11-22 Tier 2

  Mohamed Morsi — Constitutional Declaration of 22 Nov 2012, Article 2 (presidential declarations/laws/decrees made final and immune from any judicial appeal until a new constitution and parliament) and Article 6 (sweeping powers to "protect the revolution"). Decree text quoted verbatim by Human Rights Watch (Arabic), cross-confirmed against Marefa's full reproduction.

  الإعلانات الدستورية والقوانين والقرارات السابقة الصادرة عن رئيس الجمهورية منذ توليه السلطة في 30 يونيو 2012 وحتى نفاذ الدستور وانتخاب مجلس شعب جديد تكون نهائية ونافذة بذاتها غير قابلة للطعن عليها بأي طريق وأمام أية جهة كما لا يجوز التعرض لقراراته بوقف التنفيذ أو الإلغاء وتنقضي جميع الدعاوى المتعلقة بها والمنظورة أمام…

• Speech Arabic EG 2012-09-26 Tier 2

  Morsi 2012 UN General Assembly address (67th session) (English translation of Arabic original)

  The first issue which the world must exert all its efforts in resolving, on the basis of justice and dignity, is the Palestinian cause. Long decades have passed since the Palestinian People expressed their longing for restoring their full rights and for building their independent state, with Jerusalem as its capital.…

• Article Arabic TN 2012-03-26 Tier 2

  Ennahda's March 2012 decision to retain Article 1 of the 1959 constitution unchanged (rejecting sharia as a source of legislation in the new constitution), with leader Rached Ghannouchi framing it as "a victory for the democratic Muslim state" — Al-Masry Al-Youm, reporting the decision announced Mon 26 Mar 2012 (article 29 Mar 2012).

  Ennahda

  كانت حركة النهضة الإسلامية التي تقود الحكومة في تونس، أعلنت الإثنين أنها قررت الاحتفاظ بالفصل الأول من الدستور السابق كما ورد دون تغيير. نفى زعيم حركة النهضة التونسية راشد الغنوشي، أن يكون قرار الحركة الاحتفاظ بالفصل الأول من الدستور السابق دون تغيير، والذي ينص على أن «تونس دولة حرة، مستقلة، ذات سيادة، الإسلام دينها…

• Interview English BH 2012-03-06 Tier 2

  Maryam al-Khawaja (Bahraini human-rights defender; Gulf Center for Human Rights / Bahrain Center for Human Rights) — interview with Diplomatic Courier, March 2012 (~first anniversary of the uprising): a human-rights-universalist stance — "our view is not what kind of government there should be, but... making sure we have a government that respects human rights" — and the 2011 uprising as breaking "the barrier of fear."

  To me as a human rights activist, our view is not what kind of government there should be, but rather it’s making sure we have a government that respects human rights. I think that is the most important thing to us. I remember it was pretty amazing seeing thousands and thousands and thousands of people out in the…

• Party platform Arabic EG 2011-11-01 Tier 2

  New Wafd Party — electoral programme: 'The Constants of the Wafd' (ثوابت الوفد), 2011

  New Wafd Party

  ثوابت الوفد: الإسلام دين الدولة ومبادئ الشريعه الإسلاميه هي المصدر الرئيسي للتشريع ولأصحاب الديانات السماويه الأخرى حق الإحتكام إلى شرائعهم في أحوالهم الشخصيه. المواطنه هي أساس الحقوق والواجبات. نرفض العلمانية التي تفصل بين الدين والدوله ونرفض الدولة الثيوقراطية التي تسمح بسيطرة رجال الدين على الحكم. الديمقراطية…

• English PS 2011-05-16 Tier 2

  Mahmoud Abbas, 'The Long Overdue Palestinian State' (NYT op-ed), 16 May 2011

  Palestine's admission to the United Nations would pave the way for the internationalization of the conflict as a legal matter, not only a political one. It would also pave the way for us to pursue claims against Israel at the United Nations, human rights treaty bodies and the International Court of Justice. Our quest…

• Speech English LY 2011-02-20 Tier 2

  Saif al-Islam Gaddafi (Muammar Gaddafi's son & one-time heir; d. Feb 2026) — his 20 Feb 2011 televised address during the uprising (per Al-Monitor): warning that toppling the regime would fragment Libya — "All of Libya will be destroyed. We will need 40 years to reach an agreement on how to run the country… everyone will want to be president, or emir." The Gaddafi-restorationist / strong-central-authority pole.

  All of Libya will be destroyed. We will need 40 years to reach an agreement on how to run the country, because today, everyone will want to be president, or emir, and everybody will want to run the country.

• Speech Arabic EG 2011-02-10 Tier 2

  Hosni Mubarak (President of Egypt) — final televised address, 10 February 2011 (full text via Arabic Wikisource), during the 25 January revolution: "I never submitted to foreign pressure or dictates; I preserved peace; I worked for Egypt's security and stability"; rejecting "foreign dictates from abroad" and insisting Egyptians "take no one's instructions."

  لم أخضع يوما لضغوط أجنبية أو إملاءات، حافظت على السلام، عملت من أجل أمن مصر واستقرارها، اجتهدت من أجل نهضتها، لم أسع يوما لسلطة أو شعبية زائفة. سنثبت أننا لسنا أتباعا لأحد، ولا نأخذ تعليمات من أحد، وأن أحدا لا يصنع لنا قراراتنا سوى نبض الشارع ومطالب أبناء الوطن.

• Speech Arabic TN 2011-01-13 Tier 2

  Zine El Abidine Ben Ali (President/dictator of Tunisia, 1987–2011) — his iconic line from his final televised address, 13 Jan 2011 (per Arab48): "I have understood you… yes, I have understood you" — the deposed strongman's desperate, last-minute concession to the revolution. He fled to Saudi Arabia the next day, the first Arab Spring dictator to fall.

  أنا فهمتكم.. نعم أنا فهمتكم

• Speech English IL 2010-09-28 Tier 2

  Avigdor Lieberman UN General Assembly address (65th session), 28 Sep 2010

  We are ready for a fair solution and we are ready to cooperate with the international community. However, we are not ready to compromise our national security or the vital interests of the State of Israel. At the outset, I want to emphasize that contrary to what is often shown in the international media, the…

• Manifesto Arabic LB 2009-11-30 Tier 2

  Hezbollah 2009 Political Manifesto (English translation of Arabic original)

  Hezbollah

  The Resistance role is a national necessity as long as the "Israeli" threats and aspirations persist. The "Israeli" threat urges Lebanon to approve a defensive strategy that depends on a popular resistance participating in defending the country and an army that maintains the security of the country. The adoption of…

• Speech English IL 2009-06-14 Tier 2

  Netanyahu Bar-Ilan University address, 14 June 2009 (English translation of Hebrew original)

  I have already stressed the first principle - recognition. Palestinians must clearly and unambiguously recognize Israel as the state of the Jewish people. The second principle is: demilitarization. The territory under Palestinian control must be demilitarized with ironclad security provisions for Israel. Without these…

• Article English LB 2008-05-15 Tier 2

  Amal Movement behavioral conduct-axis record: its militia's participation in the May 2008 armed takeover of West Beirut alongside Hezbollah — turning arms inward against fellow Lebanese, conducting searches and arrests of Future Movement militants. Documented by the International Crisis Group, "Hizbollah's Weapons Turn Inward" (15 May 2008; ETH/ISN mirror of the ICG briefing).

  Amal Movement

  The fighting pitted Hizbollah’s and Amal’s Shiite militias against Sunnis. As of 10 May, the various groups involved in the fighting (Hizbollah as well as militias belonging to Amal and the National Social Syrian Party) were still in charge of a number of neighbourhoods and were continuing to conduct searches and…

• Article English LB 2008-05-15 Tier 2

  Hezbollah behavioral conduct-axis record: the May 2008 armed takeover of West Beirut — turning its weapons inward against Lebanese rivals after the government challenged its parallel telecom network — a sharp divergence from its declared "national resistance" identity. Documented by the International Crisis Group, "Hizbollah's Weapons Turn Inward" (15 May 2008).

  Hezbollah

  Hizbollah’s takeover of much of West Beirut began as a cost-of-living strike on 7 May 2008. Yet the course of events, their speed and ultimately violent turn exposed the true stakes. Hizbollah clearly prevailed in the military showdown, demonstrating its ability to overrun any opponent. Politically, however, the…

• Speech English SA 2008-03-24 Tier 2

  King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz of Saudi Arabia — speech launching his interfaith-dialogue initiative, ~March 2008 (per AP): a call for dialogue among Muslims, Christians and Jews, putting "the Quran, the Torah and the Bible" on common ground, with his senior clerics' backing. [Second doc — distinct INTERFAITH / religion-and-society axis, vs his Arab Peace Initiative doc.]

  That is an unacceptable behavior to all religions, to the Quran, the Torah and the Bible. We ask God to save humanity. There is a lack of ethics, loyalty and sincerity for our religions and humanity.

• Interview English IQ 2007-05-11 Tier 2

  Yanar Mohammed (Iraqi feminist; founder/director, Organization of Women's Freedom in Iraq) — interview (Toward Freedom / Guernica, 11 May 2007): OWFI as "the modern, secular voice of Iraq that will not allow this country to be turned into another Afghanistan under the Taliban," and a critique that "women's welfare is... a card... used between misogynist parties," with "most women in government represent Sharia."

  We formed in 2003, and spoke about full equality. We represent the modern, secular voice of Iraq that will not allow this country to be turned into another Afghanistan under the Taliban. Women’s welfare is like another card that is used between misogynist parties to pressure each other. Most women in government…

• Interview English IL 2007-02-28 Tier 2

  Balad doctrine — MK Jamal Zahalka interview, 'A State of all its Citizens', Feb 2007

  Balad

  Balad is [a] national democratic party defined by two political positions. One is the demand that Israel be a state of all its citizens, as opposed to Israel's self-definition as a Jewish state, and two is cultural autonomy for Palestinians inside Israel. Israel should be a state of all its citizens, not a state that…

• Party platform English PS 2006-01-01 Tier 2

  Hamas — 'Change and Reform' List 2006 electoral platform (English translation)

  Hamas

  The Change and Reform List seeks to build an advanced Palestinian civil society based on political pluralism and the alternation of power, while bearing in mind the heavy occupation. Our Invariables: Islam and civilizational achievements constitute our frame of reference and way of life with all its political,…

• Speech Hebrew IL 2005-08-15 Tier 2

  Ariel Sharon address to the nation on implementing the Gaza Disengagement, 15 Aug 2005 (English translation of Hebrew original)

  Citizens of Israel, The day has arrived. We are beginning the most difficult and painful step of all — evacuating our communities from the Gaza Strip and Northern Samaria. This step is very difficult for me personally. It was with a heavy heart that the Government of Israel made the decision regarding Disengagement,…

• Interview Arabic LB 2001-01-01 Tier 2

  Rafik Hariri — Lebanese Sunni PM doctrinal mosaic (Hezbollah-as-resistance defense, Syria-protector framing, BBC 2001)

  From Rafik Hariri (1944-2005, Lebanese Sunni politician and business magnate; founder of the Future Movement; Prime Minister 1992-1998 and 2000-2004; architect of post-civil-war Beirut reconstruction through Solidere; assassinated by a truck bomb on Beirut's waterfront on 14 February 2005, triggering the Cedar…

• Party platform Hebrew IL 1999-01-01 Tier 2

  Likud Party electoral platform, 1999 (English translation of Hebrew original)

  Likud

  The Jordan river will be the permanent eastern border of the State of Israel. The Kingdom of Jordan is a desirable partner in the permanent status arrangement between Israel and the Palestinians in matters that will be agreed upon. The Jordan Valley and the territories that dominate it shall be under Israeli…

• Speech Hebrew IL 1995-10-05 Tier 2

  Yitzhak Rabin's address to the Knesset on the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement (Oslo II), 5 Oct 1995 (English translation of Hebrew original)

  We are striving for a permanent solution to the unending bloody conflict between us and the Palestinians and the Arab states. In the framework of the permanent solution, we aspire to reach, first and foremost, the State of Israel as a Jewish state, at least 80% of whose citizens will be, and are, Jews. At the same…

• Party platform Arabic DZ 1990-04-20 Tier 2

  اللائحة السياسية للجبهة الإسلامية للإنقاذ لدى رئيس الجمهورية (أفريل 1990)

  Islamic Salvation Front

  ترفع الجبهة الإسلامية للإنقاذ لدى رئيس الجمهورية لائحتها المتضمنة القضايا المصيرية التالية: تحديد مجالات الإصلاح واقتراح رزنامة زمنية لمراحله؛ حل المجلس الشعبي الوطني بقرار من رئيس الجمهورية؛ تكوين هيئة سياسية مستقلة من مختلف الأحزاب لمراقبة الإدارة والمجلس الدستوري لضمان سلامة الانتخابات البلدية والولائية والتشريعية؛…

• Article English MA 1978-01-01 Tier 2

  King Hassan II of Morocco — from his memoir "The Challenge" (1978): his conception of the SACRED MONARCHY — the king as Commander of the Faithful whose duties are "even greater and more demanding," who "must do everything but abdicate." [Second doc — distinct MONARCHY / religion-and-state / regime-legitimacy axis, vs his Green March / Western-Sahara doc.]

  And if at the same time the king is Commander of the Faithful, his duties towards his people are even greater and more demanding…. A king must do everything but abdicate; and a king who does not feel at one with his subjects abdicates and abandons his mission. That I shall never do.

• Speech Arabic EG 1977-11-20 Tier 2

  Sadat 1977 Knesset address (peace initiative)

  وقبل أن أعلن جوابي، أرجو أن أؤكد لكم، أنني أعتمد، في هذا الجواب الواضح الصريح، على حقائق عدة، لا مهرب لأحد من الاعتراف بها: الحقيقة الأولى، إنه لا سعادة لأحد على حساب شقاء الآخرين. الحقيقة الثانية، إنني لم أتحدث ولن أتحدث بلُغَتَيْن، ولم أتعامل ولن أتعامل بسياستَيْن. ولست أتعامل مع أحدٍ، إلاّ بلُغة واحدة، وسياسة…

• Party platform Hebrew IL 1977-05-01 Tier 2

  Likud Party original platform, 1977 (English translation of Hebrew original)

  Likud

  The Right of the Jewish People to the Land of Israel (Eretz Israel) a. The right of the Jewish people to the land of Israel is eternal and indisputable and is linked with the right to security and peace; therefore, Judea and Samaria will not be handed to any foreign administration; between the Sea and the Jordan…

• Speech Arabic PS 1974-11-13 Tier 2

  Arafat UN General Assembly address, 13 Nov 1974 (English translation of Arabic original)

  Why therefore should I not dream and hope? For is not revolution the making real of dreams and hopes? So let us work together that my dream may be fulfilled, that I may return with my people out of exile, there in Palestine to live with this Jewish freedom-fighter and his partners, with this Arab priest and his…

• Arabic PS 1964-01-01 Tier 2

  Fatah Constitution (Principles, Goals, Method), 1960s (English translation of Arabic original)

  Fatah

  Article (7) The Zionist Movement is racial, colonial and aggressive in ideology, goals, organisation and method. Article (8) The Israeli existence in Palestine is a Zionist invasion with a colonial expansive base, and it is a natural ally to colonialism and international imperialism. Article (9) Liberating Palestine…

• Other DZ 1963-09-10 Tier 2

  Algeria's 1963 Constitution (adopted by referendum 10 Sep 1963), Articles 23–26 — the FLN constitutionally entrenched as the country's SOLE vanguard party, defining national policy and controlling the National Assembly and the Government, and tasked with building socialism. Behavioral record of FLN one-party rule. Text via Digithèque MJP (Univ. Perpignan).

  National Liberation Front

  Article 23. Le Front de libération nationale est le parti unique d'avant-garde en Algérie. Article 24. Le Front de libération nationale définit la politique de la Nation et inspire l'action de l'État. Il contrôle l'action de l'Assemblée nationale et du Gouvernement. Article 25. Le Front de libération nationale reflète…

• English EG 1962-05-21 Tier 2

  Gamal Abdel Nasser — National Charter (الميثاق, 1962), his foundational Arab-socialism program: public ownership over "exploitive private capital," but a distinctively non-Marxist socialism — "We do not believe in the necessity of class struggle." [Second doc — distinct Arab-socialism / ECONOMIC axis, vs his Suez anti-imperialism doc.]

  Work aimed at expanding the base of national wealth can never be left to the haphazard ways of exploitive private capital. We do not believe in the necessity of class struggle … or in the supremacy of one class over the others.

• Speech English EG 1959-04-25 Tier 2

  Gamal Abdel Nasser — Speech to the Officers' Club, Cairo, 25 April 1959 (UAR period): pan-Arab unity ("The independence of all Arab countries is a closely knit entity") and POSITIVE NEUTRALITY / non-alignment ("we shall not… accept the role of a satellite"; "non-alignment to either East or West"). [Third doc — distinct PAN-ARABISM + NON-ALIGNMENT axes, vs the existing Suez/anti-imperialism and Arab-socialism docs.]

  […] we have resolved to follow an independent policy and to maintain the independence of our country. We made that known when we declared that our policy is based on positive neutrality and nonalignment, for this means that we shall not submit to power politics, and shall not, under any circumstances, accept the role…

• Hebrew IL 1948-05-14 Tier 2

  Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel, 14 May 1948 (English translation of Hebrew original)

  ACCORDINGLY WE, MEMBERS OF THE PEOPLE'S COUNCIL, REPRESENTATIVES OF THE JEWISH COMMUNITY OF ERETZ-ISRAEL AND OF THE ZIONIST MOVEMENT, ARE HERE ASSEMBLED ON THE DAY OF THE TERMINATION OF THE BRITISH MANDATE OVER ERETZ-ISRAEL AND, BY VIRTUE OF OUR NATURAL AND HISTORIC RIGHT AND ON THE STRENGTH OF THE RESOLUTION OF THE…

• Other MA 1944-01-11 Tier 2

  Manifesto of Independence of Morocco (Manifeste de l'Indépendance), 11 January 1944

  Istiqlal Party

  Considérant que le Maroc a toujours constitué un État libre et souverain, et qu'il a conservé son indépendance pendant treize siècles jusqu'au moment où un régime de protectorat lui a été imposé; que ce régime a empêché les Marocains de participer au gouvernement de leur pays et les a privés de toutes les libertés…

• Interview English IQ Tier 2

  Reham Yacoub (Iraqi doctor; women's-rights campaigner; Basra Tishreen protest organizer, assassinated Aug 2020) — Middle East Eye interview, 2018: her defiant resolve — "We are expecting that we might get killed as well, but this won't stop us from asking for our rights and it won't stop us from living" — and determination to keep protesting until their demands are met.

  We are expecting that we might get killed as well, but this won't stop us from asking for our rights and it won't stop us from living. They have not heard any of our demands until now. The situation is getting worse. The thing we can do is keep going till we get our rights and for sure there will be some losses on…

• Interview English LB Tier 2

  Tarek Bitar (lead investigating judge, Beirut port-blast probe) — statements to media/AP, Jan 2023 (per The961): refusing to step down despite the top prosecutor charging him and releasing suspects — "I will continue with the case and I will not leave it unless they remove me completely," undeterred "even if it is going to cost me my life." Judicial independence vs the political class.

  I will continue with the case and I will not leave it unless they remove me completely. …even if it is going to cost me my life.

• Interview English IL Tier 2

  May Golan (Likud MK & minister; anti-asylum-seeker activist) — on Sean Hannity's Fox News show (~2016, per JTA), framing opposition to African asylum-seekers as legitimate border protection via a Trump parallel: "this is the same thing in Israel. I… and the rest of the people of Israel, have the right to protect their homes, and its borders." The anti-immigration / ethno-nationalist-populist pole.

  I can see here what's going on with Donald Trump. They're calling him racist just for wanting to protect the borders of his country. Well, this is the same thing in Israel. I think I, and the rest of the people of Israel, have the right to protect their homes, and its borders.

• Interview English SY Tier 2

  Mazen Darwish (head of the Syrian Center for Media and Freedom of Expression) — interview with Al Majalla (post-Assad-fall, late 2024 / early 2025): a national transitional-justice framework "with accountability at its core" is imperative to prevent vengeance and renewed civil war, but must be objective and "steer clear of the pitfalls of victor's justice."

  The absence of accountability, I believe, would open the door to widespread acts of individual vengeance, plunging Syrian society into instability and potentially even civil war. Therefore, establishing a comprehensive national framework for transitional justice, with accountability at its core, is…

• Social post English DZ Tier 2

  Karim Tabbou (Algerian opposition leader; prominent Hirak figure, repeatedly jailed) — from a Facebook video (~Apr 2019, per HRW): his Hirak challenge to army chief Gaid Salah — by "what right have you to close the roads… shut down the internet… close public transportation of Algerians … impose your will on Algerians?"

  what right have you to close the roads in the face of Algerians, shut down the internet of Algerians, close public transportation of Algerians … impose your will on Algerians?

• English IL Tier 2

  Ehud Olmert (former Prime Minister of Israel, 2006–2009) — Haaretz opinion piece (per Ahram Online, 23 Jun 2026), among the harshest condemnations of the Gaza war by any senior Israeli figure: "It is undeniable that Israel has been committing acts that could be classified as war crimes," calling the war the work of "the criminal gang headed by Benjamin Netanyahu." [Second doc — distinct war-conduct axis.]

  It is undeniable that Israel has been committing acts that could be classified as war crimes. Never since its establishment has the State of Israel waged such a war… The criminal gang headed by Benjamin Netanyahu has set a precedent without equal in Israel's history in this area, too.

• Manifesto English LY Tier 2

  Muammar Gaddafi — The Green Book, Part Two: "The Solution of the Economic Problem: Socialism" (1977): his anti-wage-labour economic theory — "Wage-earners are but slaves to the masters who hire them" — and the "Third Universal Theory" call to transform "societies of wage-earners into those of partners." [Second doc — distinct ECONOMIC axis, vs his Part One political-theory doc.]

  Wage-earners are but slaves to the masters who hire them. They are temporary slaves, and their slavery lasts as long as they work for wages from employers, be they individuals or the state. The transformation of existing societies of wage-earners into those of partners is inevitable as a dialectical outcome of the…

• Interview English TN Tier 2

  Lina Ben Mhenni ("A Tunisian Girl" blogger; Nobel-nominated free-expression activist) — IJNet interview (~2011): her creed that "Words are weapons that can be used to fight dictatorships," and that "the battle against censorship never ends… fight against self-censorship." The blogger who chronicled the Sidi Bouzid uprising under her real name when media was blacked out.

  Words are weapons that can be used to fight dictatorships. The battle against censorship never ends. We must preserve this new freedom and fight against self-censorship.

• Interview English EG Tier 2

  Ahmed Maher (co-founder, April 6 Youth Movement) — quoted in the Carnegie Endowment April 6 backgrounder: the Tunisian uprising "led us to think about protesting against corruption, poverty and unemployment." The Facebook-era youth movement that helped spark Jan 25, 2011; Maher was later jailed under the protest law.

  led us to think about protesting against corruption, poverty and unemployment

• Manifesto English LY Tier 2

  Muammar Gaddafi — The Green Book, Part Three: "The Social Basis of the Third Universal Theory" (c. 1979): nationalism as the dynamic force of history; the nation as the political "umbrella" superseding tribalism; the declared equality of man and woman. [Third pillar — distinct SOCIAL / national-identity axis, vs the existing Part One (political) and Part Two (economic) docs.]

  The social factor, the national factor, is the dynamic force of human history. The social bond, which binds together human communities from the family through the tribe to the nation, is the basis for the movement of history. Nationalism, then, is the base upon which one nation emerges. The nation is the…

• Interview English SY Tier 2

  Razan Zaitouneh (Syrian human-rights lawyer; founder of the Violations Documentation Center; 2011 Sakharov laureate) — direct quotes to Reuters, 2011 (per Syrian Observer profile): insisting "maintaining a peaceful uprising is the best guarantee for its victory," and warning the regime deliberately pushed the revolution toward violence and sectarianism to kill it. Abducted in Douma (the "Douma Four"), Dec 2013.

  I still insist that maintaining a peaceful uprising is the best guarantee for its victory. From the first moment of the revolution, the regime has been pushing towards turning people to violence and turning the revolution into a sectarian issue. It knows that it could kill the uprising this way.

• Interview English LY Tier 2

  Salwa Bugaighis (Libyan human-rights lawyer; 2011 revolution leader; ex-NTC member) — interview quotes (Tripoli, late 2011, per openDemocracy): on women being sidelined after the revolution despite being "very effective," and her insight that "getting freedom doesn't mean reaching democracy." Assassinated in Benghazi, 25 Jun 2014, hours after voting.

  Iman and I were very effective in the beginning but the men didn't believe that women could play a role at this time. They didn't think we had the strength, background or ability. Getting freedom doesn't mean reaching democracy.

• Interview Arabic PS Tier 2

  Shireen Abu Akleh (veteran Al Jazeera Arabic correspondent; assassinated 11 May 2022) — her iconic journalistic creed from an Al Jazeera segment (confirmed via Arabi21): "I chose journalism to be close to the human being" — bearing witness and conveying the Palestinian story to the world.

  اخترت الصحافة لأكون قريبة من الإنسان

• Interview English EG Tier 2

  Patrick Zaki (Egyptian human-rights researcher; postgraduate at Bologna; jailed over a 2019 article on Coptic discrimination) — from a Deutsche Welle interview (via Coptic Solidarity): on his open-ended arbitrary detention ("renewed... like a phone plan") and the chilling effect on his writing — he published only two pieces for fear of provoking the prosecution.

  My package of freedom has been renewed for another quarter of a year, like a phone plan. But I only published two pieces, since my legal team is constantly worried that I could anger the prosecution even more.

• Party platform English IL Tier 2

  Hadash — Democratic Front for Peace and Equality (DFPE) — party peace platform (from its program; English version via Adalah): a Jewish-Arab socialist Left; full Israeli withdrawal to the June 1967 lines, evacuation of all settlements, a sovereign Palestinian state alongside Israel (two states for two peoples), the Golan returned to Syria. [Party platform — fills the previously 0-doc Hadash entry.]

  Hadash

  The DFPE (HADASH in Hebrew) is a Jewish-Arab movement with rich and consistent experience in social and political struggles. […] 1. Evacuation of all the settlements and Israeli withdrawal from all the Palestinian territories conquered in the June 1967 war […] 2. Recognition of the right of the Palestinian people to…

• Interview English MA Tier 2

  Maati Monjib (Moroccan historian, journalist, press-freedom activist) — statement to RSF after his 2021 conviction on "state security"/money-laundering charges that rights groups call fabricated: "This conviction is doubly unjust… [we committed] no crime except exercise our right to freedom of expression and association." Jailed and hunger-struck.

  This conviction is doubly unjust because neither my fellow defendants nor I have ever threatened 'internal state security' or committed any other crime except exercise our right to freedom of expression and association.

• Article English EG Tier 2

  Saad Eddin Ibrahim (Egyptian-American sociologist; "father of Egyptian civil society"; jailed under Mubarak) — from his article "Toward Muslim Democracies" (via New Lines): his signature argument for the democratic INCLUSION of Islamists — "enlist Islamists under the flag of democracy" — rather than their exclusion. Coiner of "jumlukiya"; democracy as the cure for both tyranny and fundamentalism.

  it will be better for us as democrats, for the Islamists, and for Egypt to enlist Islamists under the flag of democracy.

• Speech English IQ Tier 2

  Nechirvan Barzani (President, Kurdistan Region of Iraq; KDP) — statement, 2025 (per Kurdistan24, "Iraq Still Far from True Federalism"): "Baghdad's treatment of the Kurdistan Region does not align with the principles of federalism." [Second doc — distinct KRG-FEDERALISM / Kurdish-autonomy-rights axis, vs his election-day Iraqi-government-formation doc.]

  This model is outlined in the Iraqi constitution, which was approved by 80 percent of the people. But Baghdad's treatment of the Kurdistan Region does not align with the principles of federalism.

• Interview English IQ Tier 2

  Masrour Barzani (KRG Prime Minister; senior KDP leader) — interview with the Kurdish magazine Gulan (via KDP, ~2017, ahead of the independence referendum): asserting the Kurdish right to self-determination and a NEGOTIATED, peaceful separation from Iraq — "it is time to separate peacefully and become two strong allies." [Second doc — distinct Kurdish self-determination / independence axis.]

  We have the right [to an independent country] whenever we want. Many countries now recognize the history of betrayals against the people of Kurdistan and our right to self-determination. Baghdad officials must understand that since they do not accept Kurds as their real partner in the Iraqi Federal Government, it is…