Egypt's Protest Law — Law No. 107 of 2013 (public meetings, processions and peaceful demonstrations)

Egypt's Law No. 107 of 2013, ratified by interim president Adly Mansour on 24 November 2013 (with no parliament sitting), governs the post-2013 order that Sisi leads. It imposes a prior-notification regime: organizers must give the Interior Ministry written notice at least three working days before any gathering of more than ten people. Article 10 gave the Interior Ministry effectively absolute discretion to ban, postpone, or relocate a protest on 'serious information or evidence' of a threat to peace and security, and Article 11 lets the senior officer on the ground forcibly disperse an assembly — using water cannon, batons, tear gas, and graduated force — if 'any criminal act emanates from the participants, or if the assembly diverges from peaceful expression', enabling collective punishment for one person's act. Penalties are heavy: prison terms and fines reaching tens of thousands of Egyptian pounds. The law has been the central legal tool of the crackdown on dissent — rights groups documented tens of thousands of arrest cases under it (over 37,000 by late 2016), jailing activists for unauthorized protest. On 3 December 2016 the Supreme Constitutional Court struck down Article 10 as violating Article 73 of the 2014 Constitution; a 2017 amendment replaced the Ministry's unilateral ban power with a requirement of prior judicial review, but the rest of the restrictive framework — notification, dispersal, and penalty provisions — remains in force.