Constitution of the Kingdom of Morocco (2011) — granted by King Mohammed VI after the February 20 protests

The reform constitution King Mohammed VI granted in response to the February 20 (Arab Spring) protest movement, approved by referendum on 1 July 2011. It redefines Morocco as 'a constitutional, democratic, parliamentary and social Monarchy' (Art. 1) and expands the rights chapter, including equality of men and women (Art. 19). For the first time it makes Amazigh an official language: 'Tamazight constitutes an official language of the State, being common patrimony of all Moroccans without exception' (Art. 5), alongside Arabic. The Head of Government ('President of the Government') gains real executive standing and must now be drawn from the winning party: 'The King appoints the Head of Government from within the political party arriving ahead in the elections of the members of the Chamber of Representatives' (Art. 47); the judiciary is declared independent (Art. 107). Yet the monarchy stays dominant: the King remains 'Commander of the Faithful' (Amir al-Mu'minin) who 'sees to the respect for Islam' (Art. 41), is 'Supreme Head of the Royal Armed Forces' (Art. 53) and 'Supreme Arbiter between the institutions' (Art. 42), retaining control of religion, security and the military — a 'reform without revolution' bargain.