How to write what you can already say.

Same sound, different spelling — and the spelling can't be derived from the sound. Patterns help but a lot is memorisation.

Before e/i, both G and J produce /x/. Memorisation rules and patterns reduce the guesswork.

In Spain, ce/ci/z = /θ/ and s = /s/. In Latin America they all merge to /s/. The SPELLING is identical worldwide; only the pronunciation differs.

The H is always silent — but you still have to know when it appears. Patterns derived from Latin and Arabic etymology.

Most speakers pronounce LL and Y identically, but the spelling distinguishes them — and getting it wrong changes the word.

Spanish stress is predictable from the word ending; the tilde appears when the predicted stress doesn't apply.

Spanish opens questions and exclamations with an inverted mark so the reader knows to use rising intonation from the START of the phrase.

Spanish capitalizes less than English. Days, months, nationalities, languages, religions all stay lowercase.

Spanish attaches object pronouns directly to infinitives, gerunds, and affirmative commands — and the resulting word may need a written accent.

Two dots over 'ü' in 'güe' / 'güi' force the 'u' to be pronounced; without them the 'u' would be silent.

Numbers 16-29 are written as ONE word; 31+ are written as two or more with 'y'.

Spanish has four written forms — porque, por qué, porqué, por que — and they're not interchangeable.